DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences)
type: channel
description: Title of Journal: DIET FACTOR (ISSN Online:2789-8105, Print:2789-8091) Frequency: Quarterly (w.e.f September Issue, 2023) DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional & Food Science ) is an Official Journal of "Rotogen Biotech (Pvt) Ltd". DF is double-blind peer-reviewed journal offering accessible and comprehensive coverage of food, beverage, and nutrition research. Diet Factor offers scientists and food professionals the prospect of sharing scientific encroachments in the myriad of disciplines affecting their work, to help advance the science of food and food innovation across the globe. The aim of the Diet Factor is to offer scientists and researchers a forum to enable the rapid dissemination of practical and social applications of research at the forefront of food and nutritional sciences as well as interdisciplinary research that spans these two fields. The journal publishes double-blind peer-reviewed articles that covers all the aspects of food science, including the interface between production agriculture and food, as well as how food science influences health and nutrition. In all cases, the key findings in multidisciplinary articles must address some innovative or controversial practices and points of view of the science of food. Diet Factor is committed to maintaining the highest standards of professional ethics, accuracy, and quality in all matters related to handling manuscripts and reporting scientific information. The journal welcomes empirical and applied research, viewpoint papers, conceptual and technical papers, case studies, meta-analysis studies, literature reviews, mini reviews and letters to the editors that take a scientific approach to the following topics: Dietetics, Community Nutrition, Obesity and Weight loss, Molecular Nutrition, Nutrigenomics, Metabolic, Molecular, and Genetic Mechanisms of Nutrients, Disease Prevention, Nutritional Methodologies and Modeling, Nutritional Epidemiology, Clinical Nutrition, Nutrition in different Cultural and Ethn…
publisher: CrossLinks International Publishers
language: en
publication name: DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences)
issn: 2789-8091
copyright: This is an open-access journal and all the published articles / items are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. For comments editor@dietfactor.com.pk
items: From Feed to Fork: Mycotoxins in Aquaculture as a Threat to the World’s Food Security and Human Nutrition
items: Association between Maternal Postpartum Vitamin A Supplementation and Child Vitamin A Vaccination Coverage in Pakistan: Evidence from the PDHS 2017–18
items: Exploring the Impact of Meal Timing on Metabolic Health: A Narrative Review of Recent Findings
items: Hop Shoots (Humulus lupulus): Emerging Bioactive Components, Functional Properties, and Opportunities for Food and Bio-Industrial Applications
items: Low Calcium Intake of Pre-Adolescent Girls from Customary Diets in A Semi-Rural Setting in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
items: The Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Relation to Tea and Coffee Consumption Among Female University Students
items: The Rising Trend of Energy Drink Consumption among University Students: A Hidden Health Risk
items: Factors Affecting Obesity Among Adults Attending the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, Pakistan
items: Nutritional and Vitamin D Status of University Students in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study
items: Determination of Calcium Content in a Cocktail of Calcium Supplemented Biscuits and Dry Milk
items: Evaluation of Nutritional Knowledge and Lifestyle Habits of Orphan Children Residing in Different Institutes of Peshawar City
items: A Comprehensive Survey Report On Caffeine Effect On Academic Performance
items: Experimental Trial on Ginger Plus Lemon Shots
items: Plant-Based Diet Adherence and Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factors
items: Association Between Plant-Based Dietary Intake and Anthropometric Measurements
items: Relationship Between Bone Mass Density and Nutritional Status of Women Diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Charsadda
items: Impact of Breakfast Skipping on Functional Capacity and Productivity among Office Workers with Standard Working Hours (9 AM–5 PM)
items: Artificial intelligence and revolutionization in the field of food science
items: Voices Through Images: A Photo-Voice Study on Nutrition among Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Cancer, and Type 2 Diabetes
items: Integration of Nutrition into the Mathematics Curriculum of Primary Schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: A Quasi-Experimental Study
items: Investigating Sustainable Food Habits by Using Novel Carbon-Footprint Method – A Cross-Sectional Analysis
items: Nutritional, Antioxidative and Aflatoxin Safety Assessment of Ginger-Turmeric Tea: A Functional Herbal Beverage Tea
items: Quality Assurance of Commercial Dog Food in Terms of Proximate and Aflatoxins Analysis
items: A Review on Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Compounds of Black Wheat (Triticum aestivum L)
items: Synergistic Role of Probiotic Based Diet in Managing IBD
items: A Diminutive Review on "Quinoa Seed's Nutrient Content, Biological Active Compounds and Potential Food Applications
items: Exploring Relationships between Common Healthy Behaviors in Adolescents Using Innovative Social Network Analysis
items: Anthropometric and Socio-Economic Determinants of Dietary Diversity Scores in University Students
items: Knowledge About Calcium-Rich Foods in Adolescent Girls in Charsadda – A Cross-Sectional Study
items: Melamine a Potent Carcinogen: Detection in Packed and Unpacked Milk Samples Collected from Different Regions of Lahore, Pakistan by ELISA Method

From Feed to Fork: Mycotoxins in Aquaculture as a Threat to the World’s Food Security and Human Nutrition
type: item
description: One of the most crucial pillars of World food security is aquatic production because it offers a source of high-quality protein to billions of inhabitants and livelihood to millions of communities around the world. Nevertheless, in my capacity, this crucial industry has been endangered by a looming menace that stands at all times, and that is mycotoxin contamination [1]. Mycotoxins are heat-resistant and highly toxic secondary metabolites that are synthesized by filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium, and may enter aquatic environments and production systems through a variety of different pathways. They have greater impacts than reducing the well-being of aquatic life, including fish, shrimp, and benthic invertebrates, as well as imposing dire health risks to the health of well-being of humans in the food chain, hence posing a long-term threat to the sustainability of aquaculture [2]. The large presence of mycotoxins in water bodies can be explained by a variety of interrelated reasons, of which the use of polluted feed contributes significantly to intensive aquaculture. Cereals (e.g., corn and soybean meal) are the most common feed staples vulnerable to fungi during production, harvesting, storage, and processing in warm and damp climates. The sources of protein (e.g., fish meal) are also vulnerable to fungi. Due to this, feeds can have an array of mycotoxins, i.e., aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and ochratoxins. When the water creatures ingest these toxins, they might have a direct impact on their health and are thus released back into the water, leading to secondary environmental pollution [3]. Other sources, such as agricultural runoffs, industrial effluents, and improper handling or disposal of mold-infested substances, are some of the other sources that further augment the mycotoxin loads on the environment. Moreover, the impact of toxin-producing fungi is enlarged within the ecological niche due to climate change (high temp…
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
creator: Hina Mukhtar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 01
ending page: 02
doi: 10.54393/df.v6i4.197

Association between Maternal Postpartum Vitamin A Supplementation and Child Vitamin A Vaccination Coverage in Pakistan: Evidence from the PDHS 2017–18
type: item
description: Maternal postpartum vitamin A supplement is a necessary intervention for maternal and child health. It has not been properly investigated regarding its impact on the Pakistani child vaccination coverage of vitamin A. Objectives: To evaluate the maternal postpartum vitamin A supplementation and child vitamin A vaccination coverage, that is, first-dose, second-dose, and full two-dose coverage. Methods: A survey was carried out among 200 mother-child pairs. Information on the maternal postpartum vitamin A supplementation and the child's vitamin A vaccination status was available. Associations and the effect size were assessed on descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation, and ordinal and binary logistic regression. Results: There was a strong correlation between the child vaccination and the presence of maternal postpartum vitamin A supplementation. The children of supplemented mothers were much more likely to take 100% of vitamin A (100% vs. 51.3; OR = 84.39, p=0.001) and 25.9% vs. 0.8% coverage (OR = 41.30, p=0.001). The second dose effect was less but significant (odds ratio, OR = 2.64, p=0.004). In Spearman correlation, there was a strong positive correlation with the first dose (r = 0.733, p=0.001) and a weak positive correlation with the second dose (r =.204, p=0.004). Conclusions: Maternal postpartum vaccination with vitamin A is a key factor that determines child vaccination with vitamin A, especially the first dose. In Pakistan, continuity of postnatal care, the combination of supplementation with routine immunization, and better caregiver counseling are needed to realize full vaccination and the best preventive health care outcomes of children.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Vitamin A Supplementation
  topic: keywords
subject: Child Immunization
  topic: keywords
subject: Postnatal Care
  topic: keywords
subject: Maternal-Child Health
  topic: keywords
subject: PDHS
  topic: keywords
creator: Irzah Farooq
creator: Manahl Imran
creator: Aqsa Mukhtiar
creator: Alzumar Gull Khan
creator: Maha Ikram
creator: Nida Shabbir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 41
ending page: 47
doi: 10.54393/df.v6i4.195

Exploring the Impact of Meal Timing on Metabolic Health: A Narrative Review of Recent Findings
type: item
description: Lifestyle modification is the frontline therapy for preventing and treating dysmetabolic diseases. Meal timing is a favorable dietary regimen for managing metabolic dysregulation. Objectives: To evaluate the impact of meal timing on metabolic output through the latest scientific findings. Methods: For this narrative review, various information retrieval databases were searched, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Mendeley. Multiple combinations of keywords were used to identify relevant literature, such as “mealtime and metabolism,” “circadian cycle,” “intermittent fasting,” “late eaters and metabolic health,” and “appetite hormones and meal timing.” Recent articles published between 2020 and 2025 in scientific journals were prioritized to provide the most up-to-date evidence. Results: Eating habits such as speed of eating, timing of eating meals, and meal frequency have now gained more attention because of their potential effect on metabolic health. Mismatched circadian rhythms are common in shift workers, social gatherings, eating, jet lag, and those who sleep late at night and wake late in the morning. Various observational research studies report that a greater portion of meals are taken in the latter half of the day, which increases the risk of metabolic diseases. The Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial proved that intermittent fasting, time-restricted feeding, and eating small and frequent meals improve insulin sensitivity and reduce weight. Conclusions: Skipping breakfast or eating late at night has adversely affected hormone regulation. Hence, lifestyle modification according to a circadian cycle result in preventing metabolic disorders.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Appetite-Regulating Hormone
  topic: keywords
subject: Circadian Cycle
  topic: keywords
subject: Meal Timing
  topic: keywords
subject: Time-Restricted Feeding
  topic: keywords
creator: Syeda Ifrah Tanveer
creator: Atika Masood
creator: Maryam Hameeda
creator: Asra Sami
creator: Afsah Rehman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 12
ending page: 19
doi: 10.54393/df.v6i4.193

Hop Shoots (Humulus lupulus): Emerging Bioactive Components, Functional Properties, and Opportunities for Food and Bio-Industrial Applications
type: item
description: The common hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is a dioecious perennial climbing plant and is referred to as a member of the Cannabaceae family, and is located in the northern temperate regions. Female plants are grown solely due to the large quantities of constituents they possess, which are primarily bitter principles and essential oils that are not only used in the industry but are also used as medicinal products. It is endowed with bioactive properties, including prenylated flavonoids, bitter and phenolic acids, terpenoids, and vitamins, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, estrogenic, neuroprotective, and hormonal modulation properties. The hop shoots contain the optimal composition of any micronutrient that is not caloric and thus can be added to health-promoting meals. They have a niche potential to produce and market because of their high market value, thus the high economic importance they have in the European market; the agro-climatic conditions of the regions in northern Pakistan create the possibility of the renewal of rural development. This paper intends to provide an overview of its novel bioactive compounds, properties, and food and biotechnological uses. A multidisciplinary approach to the application of the idea of harnessing the full potential of hop shoots will entail the use of both agricultural science, food technology, and pharmacology, as well as implementing it in the market preparation.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Hop Shoots
  topic: keywords
subject: Pharmaceutical Activities
  topic: keywords
subject: Functional Food
  topic: keywords
subject: Nutritional-Economics
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Khalid Saeed
creator: Sibgha Tul Sahar
creator: Zahra Asif
creator: Ayesha Akhtar
creator: Shahzaib Shahid
creator: Naseem Zahra
creator: Amara Khan
creator: Khurram Shahzad
creator: Ijaz Ahmad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 03
ending page: 11
doi: 10.54393/df.v6i4.192

Low Calcium Intake of Pre-Adolescent Girls from Customary Diets in A Semi-Rural Setting in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
type: item
description: Calcium is a critical nutrient for adolescent bone development and overall health, yet intake often remains below recommended levels in many populations. Objectives: To assess the calcium intake of pre-adolescent girls, their calcium fortified preferences, and perceived barriers to calcium-rich foods to inform targeted nutritional interventions. To assess the calcium intake of adolescent girls, their calcium fortified preferences, and perceived barriers to calcium-rich foods. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted, where 78 school girls aged 9-14 years completed FFQ with a focus on foods rich in calcium. The questionnaire also contained questions inquiring about the perceived barriers which could result in low intake/no intake of calcium-dense foods. Results: A total of 174 calcium-rich foods and products were available in Charsadda city. Mean intake of calcium (275 ± 52) was well below the RDI. Notable gaps in students' awareness of calcium sources and their importance existed. The top 8 Key barriers that potentially hinder the intake of nutritious foods were identified, including cost, low availability in the school environment, low awareness, inappropriate storage facilities at school, food habits, low nutrition education, food stigma, and junk food pressure. The data highlights a clear preference among students for certain calcium-fortified food types over others. Conclusions: Mean calcium intake from foods available to pre-adolescent girls was low, with numerous barriers identified that hinder calcium intake in this age group. Further, pre-adolescent girls preferred a variety of calcium-fortified foods, biscuits and milk on top of the list.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Pre-Adolescents
  topic: keywords
subject: Calcium
  topic: keywords
subject: Barriers
  topic: keywords
subject: Food Preferences
  topic: keywords
subject: Calcium-Rich Foods
  topic: keywords
creator: Sana Shah
creator: Alfan Alketbi
creator: Iftikhar Alam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 15
ending page: 20
doi: 10.54393/df.v6i2.168

The Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Relation to Tea and Coffee Consumption Among Female University Students
type: item
description: Tea consumption has been linked to iron deficiency anemia in several clinical trials. Lifestyle and dietary habits are important diagnostic considerations in this type of disease, and the consumption of caffeine-containing beverages can play a significant role. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of iron deficiency in relation to tea or coffee consumption among female university students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 150 female students from the University of Lahore, selected via purposive sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire comprising 25 items related to iron deficiency, dietary habits, and tea/coffee consumption patterns. Results: All participants reported regular consumption of tea or coffee. Key findings indicated that 88 (58.7%) participants experienced headaches when not consuming these beverages, 141 (94%) consumed them frequently, and 41 (27.3%) reported a constant desire to consume them. Notably, 49 (32.7%) felt tired without tea/coffee, and only 31 (20.7%) consumed these beverages with a meal. Furthermore, 27 (18%) participants reported feeling anemic, and 97 (64.7%) consumed dietary iron supplements less than 1-2 times daily. Common triggering factors after consumption included anxiety (71.3%), digestive issues (53.3%), and irregular menstrual cycles (98%). Conclusions: The study concludes that regular consumption of tea or coffee, particularly with meals, is a leading factor associated with iron deficiency risk among female university students. A notably low intake of dietary iron supplements further exacerbates the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in this population.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Tea
  topic: keywords
subject: Iron Deficiency Anemia
  topic: keywords
subject: Prevalence
  topic: keywords
subject: Questionnaire
  topic: keywords
subject: Dietary Supplements
  topic: keywords
creator: Maham Jawad
creator: Mahin Jawad
creator: Nazia Koser
creator: Nisar Hussain Shah
creator: Yasmin Din
creator: Hina Younis
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 20
ending page: 24
doi: 10.54393/df.v6i4.191

The Rising Trend of Energy Drink Consumption among University Students: A Hidden Health Risk
type: item
description: Energy drinks, highly caffeinated beverages marketed to combat fatigue, are a global public health concern due to their association with adverse effects like insomnia and cardiovascular symptoms, particularly among young adults. Objective: To determine the prevalence, predictors, and self-reported health effects of energy drink consumption among university students in Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 460 students at the University of the Punjab, Lahore. Data on consumption patterns, knowledge, and health effects were collected. First, bivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with frequent energy drink use. Subsequently, multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of frequent energy drink use (≥3 times/week). The AOR from this test quantifies the strength of association between a predictor and the outcome, after controlling for the influence of other variables in the model. Results: The prevalence of current energy drink use was 175 (38.0%), with 22.9% of users classified as frequent consumers. Common consumption triggers were exam preparation (65.1%) and late-night studying (52.0%). Notably, 44.6% of users reported adverse effects, primarily insomnia (29.7%) and anxiety/jitters (18.2%). Knowledge about safe caffeine limits was low (28.5%). Significant predictors of frequent use included male gender (AOR=1.9; 95% CI: 1.1–3.3), residing in a university hostel (AOR=2.4; 95% CI: 1.4–4.2), and part-time employment (AOR=1.7; 95% CI: 1.0–2.9). Conclusions: The findings highlight an urgent need for targeted university-level health promotion interventions to educate students, particularly those in high-risk groups, about the potential dangers of energy drinks and to promote healthier alternatives for managing academic stress.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Energy Drinks
  topic: keywords
subject: University Students
  topic: keywords
subject: Caffeine
  topic: keywords
subject: Sleep Disturbance
  topic: keywords
subject: Academic Stress
  topic: keywords
subject: Adolescent Health
  topic: keywords
creator: Irzah Farooq
creator: Manahl Imran
creator: Nadeem Ahmad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 12
ending page: 17
doi: 10.54393/df.v6i3.181

Factors Affecting Obesity Among Adults Attending the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, Pakistan
type: item
description: Obesity is one of the major problems these days, and it is the root cause of many fatal health conditions, including hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Objective: To find out the factors affecting obesity among Adults aged between 20-60 years attending the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study based on a sample size of 100 participants was conducted. Non-probability convenience sampling was used. Adults of both genders aged 20-60 years attending the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, Pakistan, were selected. SPSS version 21.0 was used to analyze the data. Results: In a sample of 100, 78% of them were found to be obese, and 22% of them were overweight. Female were more inclined to obesity (53%) in comparison to male (47%); married people (57%) were more predisposed to obesity in comparison to those who were single (43%). Obesity was statistically linked with psychological determinants (Stress, emotional eating), fast food consumption, consumption of sugary foods, high levels of cholesterol, and physical inactivity (p<0.05), and junk food preference, cholesterol levels, and daily exercise, as the p-value was <0.05. Conclusions: The study observed obesity as a major issue among the adult population and identified major correlations of obesity with marital status, BMI, physical inactivity, stress, and diet.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Obesity
  topic: keywords
subject: Adults
  topic: keywords
subject: Dietary Habits
  topic: keywords
subject: Body Mass Index
  topic: keywords
subject: Risk Factors
  topic: keywords
creator: Rabia Shah
creator: Amir Iqbal
creator: Sana Farooq
creator: Sidra Khalid
creator: Shaista Jabeen
creator: Zarmina Mehmood
creator: Nadeem Ahmad
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-09-30
publication date: 2024-09-30
starting page: 35
ending page: 39
doi: 10.54393/df.v5i03.177

Nutritional and Vitamin D Status of University Students in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study
type: item
description: Data on Vitamin D level and nutritional status of Pakistani university students are limited. Objective: To find dietary habits of the university students with special focus on vitamin D levels. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included a total of 400 students (272/128 male/female) 18-26 years old students from Bacha Khan University Charsadda were included in this descriptive cross-sectional study. Socio-demographic, selected anthropometrics, dietary food intake, blood chemistry (lipid profile and CRP), and vitamin D status were measured. Results: Moderate energy deficiencies, particularly males (73% of RDA), and protein was meeting requirements in females but marginally short in males. Calcium (65% RDA), vitamin A (41% female, 30% male), and vitamin D (20% RDA) intake were significantly low. Iron intake was marginal in females (60%) but over met in males (135%). Low milk/dairy, egg, fish, and fruit/vegetable consumption reflected low micronutrient variety. Regular consumption of fast foods (3.4 times/week) and limited consumption of fish (0.5 servings/week) also indicated a shift toward nutrient-scarce dietary habits. Mean serum 25(OH) D level of 26.1± 12.6 ng/mL with A high number (32% ;95% CI: 13.5–27.3) of respondents were vitamin D deficient; 42% (95% CI: 35.3–52.8) were vitamin D insufficient; and only 26% (95% CI: 20.1 – 32.2) of the participants had normal vitamin D. In addition, high levels of inflammatory and lipid markers were observed. Conclusion: In summary, university students exhibited poor vitamin D status with high levels of CRP and blood lipid profile such that interventions are warranted.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Vitamin D Deficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Dietary Habits
  topic: keywords
subject: Inflammatory Markers
  topic: keywords
subject: Nutritional Status
  topic: keywords
creator: Haseeb Ur Rahman
creator: Iftikhar Alam
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 19
ending page: 24
doi: 10.54393/df.v5i04.159

Determination of Calcium Content in a Cocktail of Calcium Supplemented Biscuits and Dry Milk
type: item
description: Calcium is a critical mineral crucial to bone formation, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and enzyme function. Low calcium consumption is a chronic public health problem, especially in groups with poor access to dairy foods or calcium-enriched diets. Objectives: To determine the calcium content of a fortified food cocktail containing calcium-fortified biscuits and commercial dry milk powder by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) as the analytical tool. Methods: These selected samples (biscuits, dry milk, individual ingredients of biscuits) were homogenized and processed with wet acid digestion, followed by analysis on atomic absorption spectrophotometry as per the standard protocols. Calcium content of fortified biscuits was also estimated from its ingredients for comparison was also AAS. Results: Dry milk had the maximum calcium content, followed by the calcium fortified biscuits. As expected, calcium non-fortified biscuits had the least calcium content. The composite beverage, made from an equal ratio of calcium fortified milk and calcium fortified biscuits, provided a mean calcium content of 545 ± 19 mg/100g, representing over 50% of the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for children and adults in a single 100 g serving. Calcium contents calculated and measured on AAS were comparable. Conclusion: Food fortification practices are an effective method, and calcium fortified biscuits and dry milk samples analyzed in this study have calcium levels enough to be in targeted clinical trials as calcium-fortified dietary interventions, particularly in nutritionally at-risk groups.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Calcium Fortification
  topic: keywords
subject: Biscuits
  topic: keywords
subject: Dry Milk
  topic: keywords
subject: Mineral Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Nutrition
  topic: keywords
creator: Sana Shah
creator: Iftikhar Alam
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 31
ending page: 37
doi: 10.54393/df.v5i04.166

Evaluation of Nutritional Knowledge and Lifestyle Habits of Orphan Children Residing in Different Institutes of Peshawar City
type: item
description: The nutritional status of orphaned children residing in Peshawar orphanages is scantily documented. Objectives: To assess the eating habits, awareness of nutrition, and dietary status of children living in orphanages in the Peshawar area of Pakistan. Methods: The study involved 120 children, ages 5 to 15, and was conducted at three separate orphanages in Peshawar city. Food frequency questionnaires were used to collect data on the orphan children's socioeconomic situation, anthropometric measures (weight and height), eating patterns, physical activity, and food preferences. Additionally, data on biochemical tests used to measure hemoglobin levels (Hb) were gathered. To determine the orphans' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours about dietary guidelines, another Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) questionnaire was used. SPSS-26 was used to analyze the data that were collected. Results: According to the findings, 4%, 9%, and 3% of the children in the study were underweight, overweight, and obese, respectively. Additionally, 12% of the orphans were anemic, and 13% were stunted. Carbohydrates, fruits, vegetables, meat, legumes, dairy products, nuts, and beverages were consumed by the majority of the orphans. However, they also have a great preference for chips, pickles, and fast food. Conclusions: It was concluded that the current findings indicated poor diet habits and the occurrence of malnutrition among various children's orphanages of Peshawar. The present study reveals the link between malnutrition in orphans and the absence of particular care, which indicates the importance of intervention strategies to diminish the risk of malnutrition for this vulnerable group in the district of Peshawar.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Orphaned Children
  topic: keywords
subject: Anemia
  topic: keywords
subject: Obesity
  topic: keywords
subject: Micronutrient Deficiency
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdul Basit
creator: Iftikhar Alam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 36
ending page: 40
doi: 10.54393/df.v6i1.158

A Comprehensive Survey Report On Caffeine Effect On Academic Performance
type: item
description: Caffeine is consumed by students and is very common in different forms worldwide. While it has been researched to increase alertness and focus, it also imparts negative effects, such as disturbing a person’s sleep cycle. Objective: To assess how much people are aware of drinks containing caffeine and also their consumption of it. Methods: This was based on a report of 100 university-going students aged between 17 to 28 years who are the potential subjects to assess how the consumption of caffeine affects academic performance. The data were collected from The University of Lahore students. Results: Caffeine consumption was widespread among university students (71%), mainly through tea. While most saw no impact on academics, 31.6% noted improvements, and 6.5% reported declines. Nearly half experienced sleep issues, and over a third reported side effects like anxiety. Despite high awareness, many noted peer over-reliance, with 40.7% open to healthier alternatives. Conclusion: caffeine use among students reflects a balance between perceived cognitive benefits and potential health risks. Its mixed effects suggest the need for greater awareness and informed decision-making. Social influences and habitual use further highlight the importance of education on healthier alternatives.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Caffeine
  topic: keywords
subject: Consumption
  topic: keywords
subject: Academic Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Healthier Alternatives
  topic: keywords
creator: Maria Aslam
creator: Anoosha Daud
creator: Laiba Khursid
creator: Maryam Naseem Lodhi
creator: Nashima Zahid
creator: Minahil Aftab Rai
creator: Amina Khalid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 22
ending page: 26
doi: 10.54393/df.v6i3.190

Experimental Trial on Ginger Plus Lemon Shots
type: item
description: Acne vulgaris is a widespread skin disease that is affected by several factors, such as inflammation, hormonal status, and dietary factors. Natural products like ginger and lemon, which contain anti-inflammatory and antioxidant phytochemicals, have been potential in controlling symptoms of acne. Objectives: To examine the impact of the ginger plus lemon shot intervention on the severity of acne and associated hematological parameters in young adult women. Methods: This interventional study included 100 female volunteers between 21–24 years of age with mild to moderate acne who were included in a 10-day interventional trial. All volunteers took 100 mL each of fresh ginger and lemon shots once a day. Clinical evaluation by the Global Acne Grading System (GAGS), complete blood count (CBC), and sensory questionnaires were performed before and after the intervention. Dietary consumption and compliance were observed during the study. Results: The intervention significantly decreased acne lesions and redness of the skin, backed by hematological improvement. Reduction in white blood cell (WBC) count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels reflected a reduction in systemic inflammation. Sensory evaluation revealed excellent acceptability with scores higher than 4 on a 5-point hedonic scale for taste, aroma, color, and overall acceptability. Conclusions: Intake of ginger along with lemon shots on a daily basis for 10 days showed favorable results in alleviating acne symptoms and systemic inflammation markers without any side effects.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Acne Vulgaris
  topic: keywords
subject: Ginger
  topic: keywords
subject: Lemon
  topic: keywords
subject: Anti-inflammatory
  topic: keywords
subject: Antioxidants
  topic: keywords
subject: Natural Remedies
  topic: keywords
creator: Maria Aslam
creator: Afnan Fatima
creator: Nimra Waseem
creator: Hina Ikram
creator: Schar Irfan
creator: Esma Asghar
creator: . Quratulain
creator: Iqra Ghulam Hussain
creator: Tanzeela Asghar
creator: . Mahnoor
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 36
ending page: 40
doi: 10.54393/df.v6i2.189

Plant-Based Diet Adherence and Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factors
type: item
description: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) prevalence is increasing worldwide. Dietary patterns, particularly plant-based diets, have been linked to improved glycemic control and lower T2D risk. Objectives: To analyze the relationship between plant-based dietary patterns and risk factors for T2D using publicly available secondary data. Methods: This cross-sectional secondary data analysis utilized data from the 2019 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Adults aged 20–65 years were categorized into four dietary patterns based on 24-hour dietary recalls: vegan, vegetarian, semi-vegetarian, and omnivore. Risk factors analyzed included body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose, and HbA1c. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 27.0. ANOVA and post-hoc tests assessed differences among groups, while Spearman correlation evaluated associations between plant-based diet adherence and T2D risk factors. The p-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The study included 5,200 adults (52% female; mean age 42.3 ± 12.5 years Mean BMI differed significantly among dietary groups, with vegans showing the lowest (23.1 ± 2.9 kg/m²; 95% CI: 22.9–23.3) and omnivores the highest (27.2 ± 3.7 kg/m²; 95% CI: 27.0–27.4). Fasting glucose and HbA1c were also lowest among vegans and highest in omnivores, indicating better glycemic control with higher adherence to plant-based diets. Higher plant-based diet adherence was associated with lower BMI, fasting glucose, and HbA1c, suggesting reduced metabolic risk. Conclusions: Plant-based diets are associated with reduced T2D risk factors. Public health strategies should promote plant-based eating patterns to mitigate the growing burden of T2D.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Plant-Based Diet
  topic: keywords
subject: Type 2 Diabetes
  topic: keywords
subject: BMI
  topic: keywords
subject: Fasting Glucose
  topic: keywords
subject: HbA1c
  topic: keywords
creator: Tehmina Bashir
creator: Adnan Mehmood
creator: Rabia Nazeer
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 32
ending page: 35
doi: 10.54393/df.v6i2.187

Association Between Plant-Based Dietary Intake and Anthropometric Measurements
type: item
description: The benefits of plant-based diets in enhancing health and lowering the risk of chronic illnesses are becoming more widely acknowledged. Objectives: To establish a correlation between a plant-based dietary intake and anthropometric measurements among adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 adults (20–50 years old) from community centers in Lahore. The validated food frequency questionnaire was used to measure dietary intake of foods. Anthropometric Indicators were measured. Groups of participants were organized according to how much or how little they consume plant-based foods. SPSS version 26.0 was used to analyze the data, and independent t-tests were used for comparison. Results: Among 200 participants, 55% consumed legumes three or more times per week, 40% had three or more servings of whole grains daily, 70% consumed at least two servings of vegetables per day, and 65% had three or more servings of fruit daily. Conclusions: Individuals with higher intake of plant-based foods had significantly lower waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index, and lower waist circumference than those with lower intake.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Plant-Based Diet
  topic: keywords
subject: Dietary Intake
  topic: keywords
subject: Nutritional Status
  topic: keywords
subject: Anthropometric
  topic: keywords
creator: Tehmina Bashir
creator: Adnan Mehmood
creator: Rabia Nazeer
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 18
ending page: 21
doi: 10.54393/df.v6i3.188

Relationship Between Bone Mass Density and Nutritional Status of Women Diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Charsadda
type: item
description: The prevalence of low bone density among women is common but remains under-documented. Objectives: To assess bone mass density (BMD) levels and their relationship with nutritional status in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) women visiting the NEAT Clinic in Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK). Methods: Using an observational, cross-sectional design, data were collected from 408 women through a structured self-reported questionnaire covering osteoporosis risk factors, sociodemographic information, anthropometrics, general health, BMD, and dietary intake. BMD was measured via Quantitative Ultrasound Scan (QUS) at the calcaneus using the Sahara clinical bone sonometer. Initially, 605 women expressed interest, but data were collected for 450 participants due to drop-out and incomplete questionnaires. Results: The mean T-score was –1.76 ± 0.81 (median: –1.72), ranging from –3.5 to 1.4. Women classified as normal, osteopenic, and osteoporotic had mean T-scores of –0.42 ± 0.43, –1.66 ± 0.34, and –2.66 ± 0.25, respectively. The prevalence of osteopenia was 59.8% and that of osteoporosis was 22.2%, while only 18% had normal BMD. QUS scores showed significant correlations (p<0.05) with age, menopausal duration, BMI, waist-hip ratio (WHR), and education level. Nutritional factors such as energy, protein, calcium, and phosphorus intake were also positively associated with QUS scores. Conclusions: The study reveals a high prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis among women in this population, with bone health strongly linked to both demographic and dietary factors.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Bone Mass Density
  topic: keywords
subject: Quantitative Ultrasound Scan
  topic: keywords
subject: Calcium
  topic: keywords
subject: Nutrition
  topic: keywords
subject: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
  topic: keywords
creator: Aneesa Zeb
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 21
ending page: 26
doi: 10.54393/df.v6i2.174

Impact of Breakfast Skipping on Functional Capacity and Productivity among Office Workers with Standard Working Hours (9 AM–5 PM)
type: item
description: Abstract Background: Breakfast skipping is a prevalent behavior among working adults, yet its impact on workplace productivity in 9–5 office workers remain underexplored. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of breakfast skipping and its association with productivity, cognitive function, and well-being in this population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 540 full-time office workers. Data were collected via an online questionnaire assessing breakfast habits, self-rated productivity (WHO-HPQ), presenteeism, and energy levels. A subset (n=312) completed an objective psychomotor vigilance task (PVT). Habitual breakfast skipping was defined as skipping breakfast ≥3 workdays/week. Multivariable regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, sleep duration, and caffeine intake. Results: The prevalence of habitual breakfast skipping was 39%. The most common reasons were lack of time (63%) and absence of morning hunger (41%). Habitual skippers reported significantly lower morning productivity (mean score 6.2 vs. 7.4, p<0.001) and higher rates of presenteeism (28% vs. 14%, p=0.002) compared to regular consumers. They were also more likely to experience low energy before lunch (52% vs. 29%, OR=2.45). Objectively, skippers demonstrated slower reaction times on the PVT (median 345 ms vs. 310 ms, p=0.01). These associations remained significant after adjusting for confounders. Conclusion: Breakfast skipping is common among office workers and is significantly associated with reduced productivity, increased fatigue, and poorer cognitive performance. Workplace wellness initiatives should prioritize promoting regular breakfast consumption to enhance employee health and organizational efficiency.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Breakfast Skipping
  topic: keywords
subject: Workplace Productivity
  topic: keywords
subject: Cognitive Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Occupational Health
  topic: keywords
subject: 9-5 Employment
  topic: keywords
creator: Manahl Imran
creator: Irzah Farooq
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 27
ending page: 31
doi: 10.54393/df.v6i2.182

Artificial intelligence and revolutionization in the field of food science
type: item
description: The trend of AI gradually becoming prominent in most disciplines of science and it was not long before it affected biology. It is revolutionizing every aspect of animals concerning health, nutritional status, and productivity in the course of animal agriculture. For instance, the requirements for food and animal products are increasing day by day which is increasing the demand for operational effectiveness. People are using Artificial Intelligence in feeding strategies to improve and also to advance the health of the animals within farms and to increase food production thus bringing visions and innovations for a sustainable agriculture sector. Animal nutrition did not meet individual demands based on some of the standards that were provided. AI presents various solutions since, through the use of big data, it is possible to identify animal responses to various feeding regimens. This makes it possible to come up with diets depending on individual animals which are a healthier way to make the animals more productive. It also helps in tracking other factors such as feed consumption, weight gain, feed-to-gain ratio, and general production proficiency. In such cases feeding adjusting strategies can be ensured in the best way possible to suppress the given condition in the shortest period. An efficient feeding system in our software makes sure that the animals get the right feed at the right time to maximize its/her growth and minimal wastage likely to pollute the environment. This precise feeding practice enhances feed usage by the animals, which is another factor that contributes to the economic feasibility of the animal farming business. One of the major innovations in refined livestock farming is precision farming which focuses on feeding processes whereby feeds are prescribed depending on the needs of particular animals. An automated feeding model was devised that was able to avoid either underfeeding or overfeeding, the nutrient intake, and the time at which the foo…
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
creator: Shakira Ghazanfar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 01
ending page: 01
doi: 10.54393/df.v6i3.180

Voices Through Images: A Photo-Voice Study on Nutrition among Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Cancer, and Type 2 Diabetes
type: item
description: As a participatory visual approach, photovoice is increasingly becoming a powerful tool that is used to document and reflect lived experience regarding health and nutrition. Objectives: To determine the leadership nutrition-related issues, hindrances, and enablers that affect the eating habits of people with cancer, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and type 2 diabetes in clinical and social settings. Methods: Photovoice was adopted to explore the diet-related issues in cancer, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and diabetes patients, three chronic illnesses where dietary control is a critical part of the remedy. Patients were asked to capture some images of the food environment that they encounter daily, obstacles to obtaining appropriate nutrition, and encounters with nutritional education within the clinical setting. Results: The analysis resulted in four themes: (1) structural constraints, such as cost and limited access to food; (2) poorly written or standardized dietary prescriptions, which were incompatible with clinical management; (3) perceived need to have formal support provided by registered dietitians; and (4) patient coping strategies which exhibited their resilience and adaptation in the context of financial and clinical restrictions. Patients emphasized the inconsistency of nutritional advice provided by non-experts and its contradictory nature. The level of the problems was demonstrated by photo-stories of naked shelves, inappropriate proportions of portions, and self-designed diets. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the role of registered dietitians in multidisciplinary team care should be considered crucial to ensure the maximum patient outcome and the minimization of the risks of disease complications.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Photovoice
  topic: subjects
subject: Malnutrition
  topic: subjects
subject: Rheumatoid Arthritis
  topic: subjects
subject: Self-Tailored Diets
  topic: subjects
creator: Ishrat Ali Bhatti
creator: Atta Muhammad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 35
ending page: 40
doi: 10.54393/df.v6i4.186

Integration of Nutrition into the Mathematics Curriculum of Primary Schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: A Quasi-Experimental Study
type: item
description: Malnutrition and unsuitable dietary habits remain an issue of high priority among the primary school students in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. Children in this region often lack adequate awareness about healthy eating patterns, and schools rarely integrate nutrition concepts into academic subjects. Objectives: To assess not only the role of nutrition education as a supplement in regular curricula (mathematics) but also their learning outcomes (mathematical and nutrition-related knowledge). Methods: A quasi-experimental design was implemented with a total of 240 participants (grades 3–5, ages 8–11 years) in eight primary schools (four interventions, four controls). The intervention group was exposed to mathematics with built-in nutrition material for 12 weeks, whereas the control group pursued the normal curriculum. Validated scales of mathematics achievement and nutrition knowledge were used in conducting pre- and post-tests. The data were analyzed with paired and independent t-tests. Results: The data did not show any differences between groups in terms of baseline. Nevertheless, after the intervention, analysis showed that both mathematics performance (mean change: 14.2 ± 5.1 in intervention vs. 5.1 ± 4.9 in control, p<0.001) and nutrition knowledge (mean change: 12.6 ± 4.3 in intervention vs. 2.3 ± 3.8 in control, p<0.001) had improved significantly. Conclusions: The inclusion of nutrition concepts into the mathematics curriculum was also a significant contributor to improvement in mathematics and nutrition awareness following the implementation of the concept in KP primary school students.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Malnutrition
  topic: keywords
subject: Primary School Curriculum
  topic: keywords
subject: Nutrition Integration
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematics
  topic: keywords
creator: Iftikhar Alam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 25
ending page: 29
doi: 10.54393/df.v6i4.185

Investigating Sustainable Food Habits by Using Novel Carbon-Footprint Method – A Cross-Sectional Analysis
type: item
description: Environmental sustainability and nutrition are two emerging issues in public health that have become interdependent. The eating trends not only dictate the health outcomes of individuals but also the sources of greenhouse gases in the world. Objectives: To establish the relationship between food patterns and the carbon footprint of university students in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study. Food intake data were measured using a semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) in 400 participants, and carbon emissions were estimated using the values of the life-cycle assessment (LCA). Results: Carbon footprints of meat-intensive diets were significantly higher compared to those of vegetarian diets. The Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) for meat-heavy was 72.6 ± 6.0 and for plant-forward diets was 72.6 ± 5.0, respectively. The emission of meat-based diets (5.2 ± 0.1 kg CO2-equivalent per day) was much higher than that of plant-based diets (2.9 ± 0.8 kg CO2-equivalent per day; p=0.001). Red meat generated 52% of all emissions in meat-based diets compared to the 0:14% in plant-based ones, with cereals and milk being moderate contributors and vegetables and legumes being minor contributors. Regression analysis revealed that higher emissions were predicted by the consumption of red meat (β = 0.44) and residing in urban areas (β = 0.54). Conclusions: The results suggest that simple changes to the diet, which decrease red meat consumption and increase the consumption of plant foods, can reduce carbon emissions but not decrease the nutritional sufficiency.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Nutrition
  topic: keywords
subject: Carbon Footprint
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable Diets
  topic: keywords
subject: Dietary Intake
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental Health
  topic: keywords
creator: Shumaila Bakht
creator: Safia Begum
creator: Fatima Ejaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 30
ending page: 34
doi: 10.54393/df.v6i4.184

Nutritional, Antioxidative and Aflatoxin Safety Assessment of Ginger-Turmeric Tea: A Functional Herbal Beverage Tea
type: item
description: Turmeric and ginger belong to the family Zingiberaceae, which contains bioactive chemicals with a variety of uses. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has several bioactive components, such as gingerols, zingiberene, caffeic acid, salicylate and capsaicin. It is utilized in a wide range of food and beverages. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) contains numerous physiologically active substances, including Curcumin, dimethoxycurcumin and bis-demethoxycurcumin.Both ginger and turmeric have been used to treat nausea, indigestion, stomachaches, toothaches, insomnia, asthma, diabetes, infertility, neurological issues, rheumatism and memory loss. Apart from water, tea is the most popular beverage in the world. Objectives: To develop ginger-turmeric tea and assess of nutritional facts, aflatoxin and antioxidant potential. Methods: The nutritional facts and aflatoxin were determined by standard AOAC methods, and the antioxidant activity of the ginger-turmeric tea was evaluated by DPPH assay. Results: The results of this study revealed that ginger-turmeric tea has 7.5 ± 0.84% moisture, 5.12 ± 0.65 ash, 0.22 ± 0.01% fat, 14.75 ± 1.67% fiber, 8.10±0.82% protein, carbohydrates 64.25 ± 3.90, and energy 292 ± 5.30 kcal/100g, while the results of aflatoxin study showed that aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) were absent. The significant antioxidant capacity DPPH (% inhibition) was found to range from 25.50 ± 1.20–74.80 ± 2.77% at concentrations of 0.2–1.0 mg/mL, significant differences in various concentrations p<0.05 were found. Conclusions: This study concluded that the developed ginger-turmeric tea is a good source of protein, fiber and has a high content of natural antioxidants, making it advantageous for treating oxidative stress.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Ginger
  topic: keywords
subject: Turmeric
  topic: keywords
subject: Herbal Tea
  topic: keywords
subject: Nutritional Facts
  topic: keywords
subject: Aflatoxin
  topic: keywords
subject: Antioxidant Activity
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Khalid Saeed
creator: Naseem Zahra
creator: Hafiza Kainat Anwar
creator: Shaheena Anjum
creator: Amara Khan
creator: Asma Saeed
creator: Sadaf Javeria
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 06
ending page: 11
doi: 10.54393/df.v6i3.176

Quality Assurance of Commercial Dog Food in Terms of Proximate and Aflatoxins Analysis
type: item
description: The domestication of the dog has been extensive and continues to grow, predominantly in terms of their dietary habits. Primarily, wild dogs depended exclusively on hunting for their food, but with the passage of time and domestication, they started consuming meals provided by humans. Objective: To evaluate the quality of dry dog food, focusing particularly on evaluating its aflatoxin contamination and proximate analysis comparable to established nutritional standards for dogs. Methods: This experimental research was conducted at the Food Department within the PCSIR Laboratories Complex in Lahore, Pakistan. The sample was chosen purposively to check the quality of pet dog food. The analysis included determining the moisture content, ash, crude fiber, and crude protein levels of the dog food using standardized methods. Results: The purchased dog food exhibited a protein content of 20.64 ± 0.40% and a calculated energy value of 376.50 ± 0.25 Kcal/100g. The results were evaluated against the nutrient benchmarks established by AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control Officials). The minimum protein level in adult dog food, calculated on a dry matter basis, must be no less than 18% according to AAFCO guidelines. Conclusion: Conspicuously, the analysis depicted that aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) were not present in the dog food, confirming its safe consumption by dogs based on the aflatoxin assessment. So, it was revealed that according to nutritional and aflatoxin analysis of dog food obtained from the market, it was for the dog’s health.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Dog Food
  topic: keywords
subject: Proximate Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Aflatoxins
  topic: keywords
subject: Threat
  topic: keywords
creator: Naseem Zahra
creator: Muhammad Khalid Saeed
creator: Shumaila Usman
creator: Asma Saeed
creator: Saima Nazir
creator: Ammara Yasmeen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 02
ending page: 05
doi: 10.54393/df.v6i3.175

A Review on Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Compounds of Black Wheat (Triticum aestivum L)
type: item
description: Black wheat (Triticum aestivum L) is a pigmented wheat type that is nutritionally superior. It is packed with bioactive chemicals, such as anthocyanins. Black wheat has different nutritional properties and medicinal potential, and more iron (60%), zinc (35% more), vitamin B3, vitamin B5, vitamin E, vitamin K, dietary fiber, and antioxidants than the average food. The high concentrations of phenolic acids, carotenoids, flavonoids and essential amino acids in black wheat provide it with powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial capabilities. With anthocyanin levels up to 28 times greater than standard white wheat, this kind of wheat is effective against oxidative stress-related metabolic syndrome and chronic medical issues like diabetes, cancer, obesity and heart disease. Additional compounds like tricin derivatives, ferulic acid, quercetin and luteolin present in black wheat help neuroprotection, manage blood sugar and boost immunity. Due to its diverse composition, black wheat shows promise as a nutritional supplement, therapeutic diet, and long-term answer to today's food problems.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Black Wheat
  topic: keywords
subject: Bioactive Compounds
  topic: keywords
subject: Nutritional Composition
  topic: keywords
subject: Therapeutic Potential
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Khalid Saeed
creator: Naseem Zahra
creator: Asma Saeed
creator: Shaheena Anjum
creator: Hattaf Khan
creator: Muhammad Zeeshan Kazim
creator: Qurtulain Syed
creator: Syed Hussain Imam Abdi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 02
ending page: 08
doi: 10.54393/df.v6i2.165

Synergistic Role of Probiotic Based Diet in Managing IBD
type: item
description: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by repetitive episodes of inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract caused by an abnormal immune response to gut microflora. Gut flora and diet act as vital role for cause and management of Inflammatory bowel disease as the gut microbiota variety and richness is determined by food we eat on daily basis. High fiber diet and fermented products increase the amount of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the gut while high fats, sugar or processed food increase the amount of pathogenic bacteria and they are responsible for gut inflammation. In Pakistan rising cases of inflammatory bowel disease are due to unhealthy diets, sedentary lifestyles, stress, and misuse of widespread use of antibiotics for self-medication disrupts gut balance, leading to adverse side effects, increased costs, and complications in managing disease. An imbalance between the types of organism present in a body’s natural microflora, especially that of the gut, contribute to a range of conditions of ill health or dysbiosis Many cases of inflammatory bowel disease in Pakistan go undiagnosed, which may be linked to the rising number of colorectal cancer. Studies show that ulcerative colitis is more common among South Asians, including Pakistanis, than in Europeans. It is expected that in 2030 the prevalence of IBD, will be significantly increasing with some of the highest rates of increase seen within pediatrics and the elderly populations due to consumption of junk foods. IBD growing issue demands sustainable and targeted solutions to ease the healthcare burden and improve quality of life. In current years, probiotic-based therapies have emerged as promising adjuncts in IBD management. Probiotics are live beneficial microorganisms that work by restoring microbial balance, enhancing mucosal barrier function, and modulating the immune response. Several clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated that certain probiotic strains…
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
creator: Shakira Ghazanfar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 01
ending page: 01
doi: 10.54393/df.v6i2.169

A Diminutive Review on "Quinoa Seed's Nutrient Content, Biological Active Compounds and Potential Food Applications
type: item
description: Cereals are regarded as a vital component of the human diet. They supply roughly half of the world's energy. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild) is a very nutritious plant that has been dubbed "one of the grains of the 21st century" due to its nutritional and functional qualities as well as its ability to withstand harsh weather conditions. It has gained widespread recognition as a superfood due to its significant nutritional and physiological benefits. The current review offers a brief introduction to the nutrients, mineral makeup, amino acids, polyphenols, and bioactive ingredients of quinoa. It is revealed that quinoa contains a wealth of essential components, including vitamins, minerals and amino acids, which directly contribute to its remarkable nutritional value. Its antioxidant properties and unique composition of physiologically active chemicals, such as polyphenols and other compounds, increase its potential as a functional meal. The conclusion of this review is to provide a useful understanding of the potential nutritional and health benefits of quinoa as well as its potential culinary usage. Furthermore, fermented quinoa has a high biological and nutritional value that may be utilized to create a variety of functional food products that are highly palatable to consumers and have positive health effects.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Quinoa
  topic: keywords
subject: Nutrients
  topic: keywords
subject: Bioactive Compounds
  topic: keywords
subject: Potential Food Applications
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Khalid Saeed
creator: Hafiza Madiha Jaffar
creator: Naseem Zahra
creator: Shaheena Anjum
creator: Kaneez Fatima
creator: Amara Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 09
ending page: 14
doi: 10.54393/df.v6i2.170

Exploring Relationships between Common Healthy Behaviors in Adolescents Using Innovative Social Network Analysis
type: item
description: Data on the interrelationship between common healthy behaviors is not available for adolescents. Objective: To explore the relationships among common healthy behaviors in a population sample using network analysis. Methods: A random sample of 250 adolescents (34% female) was selected from a population of adolescents, who visited the Nutrition, Education, Awareness and Training (NEAT) Clinics during January-March, 2024. Data was collected on a validated questionnaire. This study applied network centrality analysis to investigate six health related behaviors non-smoking, fruit intake, vegetable intake, proper sleep, eating breakfast, and walking. Centrality measures (betweenness, closeness, strength, and expected influence) were used to assess the role and influence of each behavior within health behavior networks. Results: The overall network density was high (0.80; 12 edges out of total 15 possible edges), suggesting that the healthy behaviors in the sample population were tightly interconnected. Such a dense network indicates that changes in one behavior may potentially influence others, supporting the need for multi-behavior interventions. With mean scores grouped between 2.3 and 2.6, moderate variability, symmetric distributions, and full-scale utilization, descriptive analysis showed that teenagers modestly engaged in six fundamental health behaviors. This suggests that while these behaviors are present, they are not widely adopted in the population. Conclusion: Walking and eating breakfast were identified as key lifestyle habits in adolescent health networks, suggesting that they may be targeted strategically for treatments aimed at preventing obesity.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Adolescent Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Healthy Behaviors
  topic: keywords
subject: Network Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Lifestyle Habits
  topic: keywords
subject: Centrality Measures
  topic: keywords
creator: Iftikhar Alam
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-09-30
publication date: 2024-09-30
starting page: 29
ending page: 34
doi: 10.54393/df.v5i03.172

Anthropometric and Socio-Economic Determinants of Dietary Diversity Scores in University Students
type: item
description: Eating habits, particularly, diversity of diets of university students, are not reported. Objectives: To investigate the dietary habits with special consideration of the dietary diversity score of university students at Bacha Khan University Charsadda (BKUC). Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted on a sample (n=200) of students from various teaching departments. Data on anthropometry and dietary intake were collected. Dietary diversity score (DDS) was calculated by employing a normal food category score scheme. Data on anthropometrics (height, weight, BMI, waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and socioeconomic were recorded in a questionnaire. Group differences were evaluated using one-way ANOVA and t-tests for evaluating differences in DDS based on SES and the anthropometric measures. Results: As expected, significantly higher scores of DDS were found in the subjects who had higher economic status (p<0.001). A high negative relationship existed between DDS and anthropometrics (BMI, WC, and WHR), especially in the female students (p<0.05). The intake of grain, fruit, vegetable, dairy, and protein, and an improved intake in DDS quartiles (p<0.01), once again validated DDS as a solid measure of dietary diversity and intake. Conclusions: It was concluded that higher DDS are associated with better intake of special food categories and better anthropometric indicators. These findings reinforce the importance of promoting dietary diversity to promote health and prevent chronic disease.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Nutrition
  topic: keywords
subject: Anthropometry
  topic: keywords
subject: Socioeconomic Status
  topic: keywords
subject: Dietary Diversity Score
  topic: keywords
creator: Shamal Taher
creator: Aneesa Zeb
creator: Iftikhar Alam
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-09-30
publication date: 2024-09-30
starting page: 24
ending page: 28
doi: 10.54393/df.v5i03.171

Knowledge About Calcium-Rich Foods in Adolescent Girls in Charsadda – A Cross-Sectional Study
type: item
description: Calcium is a critical nutrient for adolescent bone development and overall health, yet intake often remains below recommended levels. Objectives: To identify and list calcium-containing foods available in Charsadda and to assess the knowledge level of adolescent girls about calcium foods and calcium nutrition. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to list all foods and food products available in Charsadda. This study was conducted at two different time points in the same year, in the summer months and in the winter months of 2021. The purpose of the survey at two different time-points was to recognize and list all possible available calcium-rich foods in the locality throughout the year. This phase of the study was followed by cross-sectional surveys to find out pre-adolescent girls’ knowledge about calcium-rich foods already identified in the first phase of the study. A multi-stage stratified sample (n=78) of pre-adolescent school-going girls completed the survey using a pre-tested questionnaire. Results: A high number (174) of calcium-rich foods and products were available at the local market and households of Charsadda city. Overall, pre-adolescent girls’ knowledge about calcium-rich foods was poor. Only 60%, 45.3%, 46.7%, and 42.7% of the girls could identify, respectively, milk, cheese, yoghurt and lassi/malt-drink as calcium-rich foods. Most plant-based items were poorly recognized. Conclusions: Despite a high number of calcium-rich foods available in the local market of Charsadda, the knowledge level of school-going pre-adolescent girls was poor, warranting further community-based awareness and education programs on calcium nutrition.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Pre-Adolescent
  topic: keywords
subject: Calcium
  topic: keywords
subject: Knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: Calcium-Rich Foods
  topic: keywords
creator: Sana Shah
creator: Alfan Al Ktebi
creator: Iftikhar Alam
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 25
ending page: 30
doi: 10.54393/df.v5i04.167

Melamine a Potent Carcinogen: Detection in Packed and Unpacked Milk Samples Collected from Different Regions of Lahore, Pakistan by ELISA Method
type: item
description: Melamine is a nitrogen-rich compound often added to milk to enhance its protein contents. The European Commission has established a permissible limit of 2.5mg/kg for melamine, as excessive amounts can lead to kidney stones and other health risks for both infants and adults. Objective: To assess melamine concentrations in both packed and unpacked milk samples from various regions in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: An experimental study was conducted using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique to detect melamine levels in milk samples. Measurements were obtained at a wavelength of 450 nm, following standard ELISA protocols. Results: The analysis revealed that one unpackaged milk sample contained melamine levels exceeding the permissible limit at 6.3+0.1mg/kg, while the other samples were deemed safe for consumption. Additionally, while melamine was detected in packed milk samples, all were within safe consumption levels. Conclusions: In conclusion, melamine was not found in the packaged milk samples, adhering to the acceptable limits set by the European Commission in 2009; however, one unpackaged milk sample showed a concerning level of melamine.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Melamine
  topic: keywords
subject: Milk Safety
  topic: keywords
subject: Packaged Milk
  topic: keywords
subject: Food Contamination
  topic: keywords
subject: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  topic: keywords
creator: Naseem Zahra
creator: Muhammad Khalid Saeed
creator: Areeba Javaid
creator: Muntaha Shahid
creator: Shamakh Naveed
creator: Asma Saeed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 19
ending page: 24
doi: 10.54393/df.v6i1.163