DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences)
Title of Journal: DIET FACTOR (ISSN Online:2789-8105, Print:2789-8091) Frequency: Quarterly (w.e.f September Issue, 2023) DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional & Food Science ) is an Official Journal of "Rotogen Biotech (Pvt) Ltd". DF is double-blind peer-reviewed journal offering accessible and comprehensive coverage of food, beverage, and nutrition research. Diet Factor offers scientists and food professionals the prospect of sharing scientific encroachments in the myriad of disciplines affecting their work, to help advance the science of food and food innovation across the globe. The aim of the Diet Factor is to offer scientists and researchers a forum to enable the rapid dissemination of practical and social applications of research at the forefront of food and nutritional sciences as well as interdisciplinary research that spans these two fields. The journal publishes double-blind peer-reviewed articles that covers all the aspects of food science, including the interface between production agriculture and food, as well as how food science influences health and nutrition. In all cases, the key findings in multidisciplinary articles must address some innovative or controversial practices and points of view of the science of food. Diet Factor is committed to maintaining the highest standards of professional ethics, accuracy, and quality in all matters related to handling manuscripts and reporting scientific information. The journal welcomes empirical and applied research, viewpoint papers, conceptual and technical papers, case studies, meta-analysis studies, literature reviews, mini reviews and letters to the editors that take a scientific approach to the following topics: Dietetics, Community Nutrition, Obesity and Weight loss, Molecular Nutrition, Nutrigenomics, Metabolic, Molecular, and Genetic Mechanisms of Nutrients, Disease Prevention, Nutritional Methodologies and Modeling, Nutritional Epidemiology, Clinical Nutrition, Nutrition in different Cultural and Ethnic Groups, Nutrition in Life Cycle, Nutrition in Medical Management, Plant and Animal Nutrition, Diet and Aging and Age-related degeneration, Nutritional Public Health Initiatives, Policies and Legislation, Clinical and Community Nutrition and Health (including public health and multiple or complex co-morbidities) and Nutritional and Food Sciences. Accreditation: Approved by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for the year 2023-24 Fee & Subscription Charges Article Processing Fee: NONE Article Publication Fee (National) Rs 20000 / Article Article Publication Fee (International ) 200 USD / Article Printed Version (Selected Articles on Authors Request): Rs 2500/per copy Annual Subscription for Printed Versions For Institutes: Rs 20,000/ Annually Single Copy (Selected Articles): Rs 2500/- Bank Details Account Title: Rotogen Biotech (Pvt) Ltd Bank Name: Bank Alfalah IBAN: PK33ALFH0042001008325623 Account # 00421008325623 Waiver Policy If an author has no funds to pay such charges, he may request for full or partial waiver of publication fees. The decision may however vary from case to case. We do not want charges to prevent the publication of worthy material. Submissions Submission are welcome and may be submitted here editor@dietfactor.com.pk
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Dose-Dependent Effects of Caffeine on Cognitive Performance, Hormonal Regulation, and Gut Microbiota across Adulthood
Caffeine is a psychoactive drug that has a wide range of uses, including being consumed to increase alertness and cognitive function. Recently, there has also been some evidence that caffeine can influence biochemical markers and gut microbiota composition, which also requires further research. Objectives: To assess the dose-dependent effects of caffeine on reaction time, alertness, and cognitive performance in various demographic groups and to investigate its biochemical and microbiological effects. Methods: This study used a double-masked, quasi-experimental design. Participants were given caffeine in low (50 mg), moderate (100 mg), or high (200 mg) doses in separate sessions with a 48-hour washout period and placebo control. Reaction time, self-reported alertness, and cognitive task performance were measured. The blood and stool samples were taken before and after caffeine consumption to assess cortisol, adrenaline, and gut microbiota profiles using 16S rRNA sequencing. Results: No statistically significant differences in reaction time and alertness were observed between any of the caffeine doses (p>0.050). A significant reduction in cortisol levels was observed at the higher dose (p=0.048), but no change in adrenaline levels was seen. No significant differences in the relative abundance of bacterial phyla were found, except for Firmicutes, which was moderately up-regulated by caffeine (p=0.049). Performance improvements showed trends favoring younger adults, though these were not statistically significant. Conclusions: This hypothesis‑generating study demonstrates trends toward dose‑dependent hormonal and microbial modulation (notably a reduction in cortisol at 200 mg and an increase in Firmicutes at 100 mg). However, no statistically significant cognitive enhancements were observed. These preliminary findings warrant confirmation in larger, adequately powered studies before clinical recommendations can be made.
Copyright (c) 2026 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Forgotten Summer Lifesaver: Time to Reposition Oral Rehydration Solution
Every year, Pakistan faces frequent heat waves especially in early summers i.e., May and June. As soon as another scorching summer arrives, advices such as; drink more water, stay indoors, avoid the midday sun, are heard everywhere. However, there is one simple and remarkably effective solution which is rarely a part of the conversation: Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS). For decades, people have been using ORS exclusively as a treatment for diarrhea. [1] This routine in healthcare and public practices has overshadowed its potential role in curing other forms of dehydrations. As heatwaves become frequent and more severe, our approach to prevent dehydration also needs to evolve. So, it is the right time that we should stop treating ORS just as a remedy for diarrhea, and start recognizing its importance for managing heat-related dehydration. [2] When the human beings are exposed to high temperature for long periods of time, the body loses both water and essential electrolytes i.e., Sodium, Chloride, Potassium etc. through sweating. In such situations which involve substantial fluid and electrolyte loss replacing water alone may not fully restore the body's hydration status. ORS has a carefully balanced combination of glucose and electrolytes that facilitates efficient absorption of water and sodium in the intestine. [2] This makes it one of the most effective and affordable rehydration therapies ever developed. Public health campaigns always encourage people to drink more water, but they hardly ever explain that replacing lost electrolytes is equally important. In Pakistan, each year, there is an increased number of patients who suffer from dehydration, heat exhaustion, and other heat-related illnesses reported in hospitals. Since, our public is not aware enough, people who experiencee excessive sweating, do outdoor work for long durations, engage in strenuous physical activity, or feel early signs of dehydration end up consuming sugar-sweetened beverages or commercial sports drinks, assuming that they provide equivalent benefits, although their composition is quite different. The message is not that everyone should replace water with ORS during the summer. For most healthy people, water remains the best choice for everyday hydration. Instead, ORS should be recognized as a valuable option for people who have lost significant amounts of fluids and electrolytes because of prolonged heat exposure, excessive sweating, or other conditions that increase the risk of dehydration. As climate change continues to increase heatwaves, it has become a public health priority to prepare communities for extreme heat. [3] Raising awareness about when ORS should be used, making it readily available in communities, and including it in heat-health action plans are the most simple and affordable steps that could help reduce preventable cases of dehydration and heat-related illness.
Fast-Food Consumption and Its Impact on Physical and Mental Health Among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
The reasons why fast food is popular among university students are convenience, cost, and time. However, its frequent intake may lead to negative consequences regarding both the physical and psychological well-being of students. Objectives: To determine the associations between fast-food intake patterns and various health problems such as fatigue, insomnia, depression, anxiety, body weight, etc. Methods: A cross‑sectional survey was conducted among 236 university students (60.3% female) from three universities in Lahore, Pakistan. Data were analyzed using chi‑square tests, logistic regression, and descriptive statistics. Results: Of the 236 university students, over 97% consumed fast food at least once per week. Each category increase in the frequency of fast-food intake (from "never" to "daily") was significantly related to overweight/obesity and depressive symptoms, and post-meal fatigue after adjustment. There were strong associations between fatigue and sleep disturbances, as well as between fatigue and anxiety symptoms. Demographic adjustments did not remove this association between higher levels of fast-food intake and overweight/obesity. Conclusions: Fatigue, depression symptoms, sleep disturbances, and excess body weight are related to regular consumption of fast food among university students. There is an increasing need for nutrition education based at the university, and healthier foods available on campus
Sensory and Physicochemical Investigation of Rice Bran-Enriched Meatballs (SPIRE)
Rice bran is a rich source of nutrients in the rice milling process, containing 7–11% protein, 7–11% fiber, and bioactive compounds. Objectives: To assess sensory and physical characteristics of the beef meatballs fortified with different proportions of rice bran and to find out the optimum acceptable level by consumers. Methods: This experimental research was carried out at the Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Pakistan. Four treatments were prepared: control (0 g), T1 (2.4 g), T2 (3.6 g), and T3 (4.8 g) rice bran per 30 g of meatball. In a randomized complete block design, twenty panelists evaluated sensory attributes using a 15cm hedonic scale. Weight loss and shape parameters were measured. Two-way ANOVA with Tukey's HSD post-hoc test (α = 0.05) was used to analyze data for sensory data, and one-way ANOVA with Tukey's HSD post-hoc test (α = 0.05) was used for physicochemical data. Results: Rice bran significantly enhanced texture, flavor, mouthfeel, and overall acceptability (p<0.005), but did not change the color, aroma, taste, or juiciness. The addition of rice bran had a significant effect on weight loss (p<0.001), and oil absorption was reduced, but there was no significant effect on the shape. The 12–16% formulations gave firmer texture (12.4 ± 1.2ᶜ for T3). Conclusions: The results showed that up to 8% rice bran could be added to beef meatballs without any negative effects on sensory properties and appearance, while simultaneously decreasing the oil absorption and increasing the fiber content of the product.
Valorization of Mango (Mangifera indica) Peel Waste as a Functional Nutritional Resource with Antioxidant Potential
Reducing food waste through full resource utilization has positive effects on the economy, climate, and food security. In order to meet future demand, more food must be produced due to the growing population. The Mangifera indica L. (mango) is a widely consumed tropical fruit that is grown and consumed in tropical places worldwide. When mango-based products like juices and purees are made, the peel and kernel are wasted. Mango peel was a good source of nutrients with antioxidant properties. Objectives: To assess the nutritional composition and antioxidant activity of mango peel. Methods: The nutritional values were determined by using AOAC methods, and the antioxidant activity of water and methanol extract was determined by using the DPPH assay at 517 nm. Results: Study outcome depicted that mango peels have protein (4.30 ± 0.22%), fiber (4.75 ± 0.30%), ash (3.52 ± 0.26%), carbohydrates (78.72 ± 1.80%), and energy Kcal/100g (336 ± 3.45). The results of its antioxidant activity showed that at concentrations of 0.2–1.0 mg/ml, the methanol extract exhibited the highest percentage inhibition (DPPH), ranging from 38.70 ± 1.03 to 81.65 ± 2.50%, while the water extract showed the lowest percentage inhibition (20.10 ± 0.70–56.30 ± 1.95%) compared to the standard antioxidant BHA (28.70 ± 0.90 65.40 ± 1.95%). There were significant differences found in various extracts and BHA (p<0.05). Conclusions: The results of the study showed that mango peel contained nutrients, and its methanolic extracts had significant antioxidant activity, allowing better use of this waste.
Exploring the Influence of Social Media–Driven Nutrition Misinformation on Dietary Practices: A Qualitative Study
The use of social media like Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube has changed how young adults get nutrition information. But uncontrolled content usually propagates false information that can be applicable to food habits and well-being. Objectives: To study the effects of social media on the dietary beliefs and practices of young adults in Pakistan, the prevalent forms of nutrition misinformation are to be identified, and how users rate the information they find online and react to influencer recommendations. Methods: Miniature thematic analysis qualitative examination was utilized in 20 young adults (19-32 years old) enlisted into the University of the Punjab, Lahore. The university was chosen since it is a symbol of a number of students whose population is quite large, and due to its diversity, it enabled access to young adults who are active social media users. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were carried out either face to face or through the internet, tape recorded, and transcribed word for word. The thematic method of data analysis was based on the six-step method by Braun and Clarke. Results: Five major themes emerged. Participants often used the advice of influencers on nutrition, evaluated credibility with popularity but not evidence, and were in doubt after receiving conflicting information. Purchasing high-dose vitamin D supplements without a previous diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency had been reported another time. Conclusions: Social media has a tremendous influence on dietary beliefs and behaviors by transmitting nutrition misinformation amongst young adults in Pakistan.
This article discusses scientific reviews of the applications of honeybee products in human health and nutrition studies. Applications for treating diseases date back many years, but numerous new applications for human health have been discovered in recent times. Honeybee products have been discovered to possess therapeutic properties even against various types of cancer, and researchers are continuing their studies to uncover other secrets behind the therapeutic properties of honeybee products. These products are consumed due to their high nutritional value and effects on human health; in addition to their anti-oxidant, bacteriostatic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial properties, they are also used in the healing of wounds and burns. Furthermore, therapeutic effects of honeybee products against Covid-19, a disease that significantly affects global health, have also been discovered. All products produced by bees can be divided into two major groups: animal-derived and plant-derived products. Plant-derived products include honey, pollen, and propolis, which the honey bees collect from flowers and store in their hive. Animal-derived products include royal jelly, beeswax, and bee venom, which the bee produces within its own body. All of these components are vital for the bee, and without them, the bee and the entire hive cannot survive. The component of honey bee products is changeable, via the diversion in plant species, climate, phytogeographic conditions, and supplements of the beekeeper. The apitherapy encompasses the use of beehive products, including honey, pollen, propolis, royal jelly, and bee venom. Honey and bee products have accompanied humanity throughout history. Honey has sweetened people's lives and provided protection against many diseases. Since then, we have gathered much information about the formation, types, properties, and uses of honey. However, all its secrets have yet to be discovered. Ancient rock paintings of the first hunter-gatherers depict the honeybee as a natural source of medicine. Scientists pay great attention to the natural antioxidants. Honey bees products are gathered from lots of plant resources and generated by honeybees (Apis mellifera). Most of studies demonstrated that some products of honey bees from various countries have dedicate antioxidant property; depend on the amount of various bioactive components. Honey bees products have great effects because of its important compounds and also drug character. As a result, it is largely extincted by most of countries of the world. Apitherapy is used to treat many illnesses and to alleviate pain from wounds both chronic and acute. Bee-assisted therapies have existed for thousands of years, some possibly as old as human medicine itself. Going beyond traditional Western medicine, this therapy helps people achieve better health through a holistic approach in harmony with the beehive, a true gift of nature. Besides the phrase "no fruit," there's something else, but with significant consequences along the chain. Without bees, plants wouldn't bear fruit, and many animals would die because there would be nothing to eat. This would affect not only vegetarianism but also our dietary habits, restructuring relationships and the economy. When we hear the word bee, the first thing that usually comes to mind is honey. Beautiful, delicious, healthy, and sweet honey. But are we truly aware of how important a role they play in our existence? We've all heard the famous scientist Albert Einstein say: "If the world were to disappear, humanity wouldn't survive for more than four years." A third of the food people consume comes from insects, and 80% of that is produced by bees. If insects disappeared, there would be no crops, no harvests, and production would be of very low quality. Besides giving us the opportunity to consume quality produce, they are one of the main carriers of approximately half of the planet's vegetation. A world without bees would literally mean a world without fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds. And a lack of honey would be the least of humanity's problems. In conclusion, bee products have proven to be one of the most valuable therapeutic and nutritional substances nature can offer; this demonstrates the great value of beekeeping science.
Nutrient-Based Interventions for Mental Health: A Psychosomatic Medicine Perspective
The psychosomatic paradigm underlines the complex connection between psychological aspects and physical health. The review will discuss the importance of nutrition in this context, paying attention to the effects that certain elements of the diet have on mental health. The most important nutrients are B vitamins (B6, B12, folate), omega-3 fatty acids, magnesium, vitamin D, and amino acids (tryptophan, tyrosine), which are necessary in the synthesis of neurotransmitters, neuroprotection, and in the modulation of stress responses. The lack of these nutrients is linked with the risk of getting depressed, feeling anxious, and being less cognitive. These findings are transforming the field of psychosomatic medicine into the new trends of personalized nutrition, digital health, and psychoneuroimmunology. Yet, there are obstacles to the implementation of holistic nutrition interventions, such as the necessity of mindfulness-based eating interventions, emotion control during dietary counseling, and efficient behavior change models. By managing psychosomatic-related factors with specific nutritional approaches, there is an excellent opportunity for more successful and individualized healthcare, based on the concept that the mind and body are one inseparable organism. These approaches require further research and integration into the systems in order to optimize them.
Copyright (c) 2025 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From Feed to Fork: Mycotoxins in Aquaculture as a Threat to the World’s Food Security and Human Nutrition
One of the most crucial pillars of World food security is aquatic production because it offers a source of high-quality protein to billions of inhabitants and livelihood to millions of communities around the world. Nevertheless, in my capacity, this crucial industry has been endangered by a looming menace that stands at all times, and that is mycotoxin contamination [1]. Mycotoxins are heat-resistant and highly toxic secondary metabolites that are synthesized by filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium, and may enter aquatic environments and production systems through a variety of different pathways. They have greater impacts than reducing the well-being of aquatic life, including fish, shrimp, and benthic invertebrates, as well as imposing dire health risks to the health of well-being of humans in the food chain, hence posing a long-term threat to the sustainability of aquaculture [2]. The large presence of mycotoxins in water bodies can be explained by a variety of interrelated reasons, of which the use of polluted feed contributes significantly to intensive aquaculture. Cereals (e.g., corn and soybean meal) are the most common feed staples vulnerable to fungi during production, harvesting, storage, and processing in warm and damp climates. The sources of protein (e.g., fish meal) are also vulnerable to fungi. Due to this, feeds can have an array of mycotoxins, i.e., aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and ochratoxins. When the water creatures ingest these toxins, they might have a direct impact on their health and are thus released back into the water, leading to secondary environmental pollution [3]. Other sources, such as agricultural runoffs, industrial effluents, and improper handling or disposal of mold-infested substances, are some of the other sources that further augment the mycotoxin loads on the environment. Moreover, the impact of toxin-producing fungi is enlarged within the ecological niche due to climate change (high temperatures and more precipitation), which aggravates the risk of contamination. The problems are compounded by the processes of bioaccumulation and biomagnification in the water food webs, whereby the mycotoxins are concentrated in the apex predators and further enhance the potential human health risks [3,4]. Mycotoxins have diverse toxicological impacts on aquatic organisms, which include effects on the digestive systems, immune systems, reproductive systems, and neurological systems. Consumption of polluted food may cause intestinal integrity breach, diminished digestive enzyme activity, and deterioration in growth performance. More importantly, mycotoxins suppress their immune functions, increasing their vulnerability to bacterial and viral diseases, and this increases mortality and causes heavy financial losses to aquaculture. Some of these mycotoxins are also endocrine disruptors, disrupting the balance of reproductive hormones, reducing the quality of gametes, and decreasing reproductive productivity, and as a result jeopardizing the long-term sustainability of wild and farmed populations [5]. Also, the toxins cause oxidative stress and genotoxicity, which causes DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and tumorigenesis. Regardless of awareness of these negative effects, there are notable gaps in knowledge regarding the molecular pathogenesis of mycotoxin toxicity in aquatic organisms, the interactive effect of many concomitant co-occurring mycotoxins, and the ecological implications of chronic low-dose exposure [6]. Mycotoxin contamination of aquaculture needs to be mitigated using a holistic, systems-based, interdisciplinary approach. The quality assurance and quality control should be implemented throughout the feed supply chain, including the optimization of storage and the processing environment, the creation and implementation of efficient detection, prevention, and detoxification technology [7]. The seemingly underestimated risk of mycotoxins in aquatic production systems is the one that should be handled by the scientists and regulators in a concerted effort. It will require concerted interdisciplinary measures, technological advancement, and the systematization of evidence-based policies and management practices to minimize the ecological and economic impacts of them, preserve the aquatic life forms, and guarantee the further provision of this essential source of animal protein to human food.
Association between Maternal Postpartum Vitamin A Supplementation and Child Vitamin A Vaccination Coverage in Pakistan: Evidence from the PDHS 2017–18
Maternal postpartum vitamin A supplement is a necessary intervention for maternal and child health. It has not been properly investigated regarding its impact on the Pakistani child vaccination coverage of vitamin A. Objectives: To evaluate the maternal postpartum vitamin A supplementation and child vitamin A vaccination coverage, that is, first-dose, second-dose, and full two-dose coverage. Methods: A survey was carried out among 200 mother-child pairs. Information on the maternal postpartum vitamin A supplementation and the child's vitamin A vaccination status was available. Associations and the effect size were assessed on descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation, and ordinal and binary logistic regression. Results: There was a strong correlation between the child vaccination and the presence of maternal postpartum vitamin A supplementation. The children of supplemented mothers were much more likely to take 100% of vitamin A (100% vs. 51.3; OR = 84.39, p=0.001) and 25.9% vs. 0.8% coverage (OR = 41.30, p=0.001). The second dose effect was less but significant (odds ratio, OR = 2.64, p=0.004). In Spearman correlation, there was a strong positive correlation with the first dose (r = 0.733, p=0.001) and a weak positive correlation with the second dose (r =.204, p=0.004). Conclusions: Maternal postpartum vaccination with vitamin A is a key factor that determines child vaccination with vitamin A, especially the first dose. In Pakistan, continuity of postnatal care, the combination of supplementation with routine immunization, and better caregiver counseling are needed to realize full vaccination and the best preventive health care outcomes of children.
Practices and Utilization Patterns of Nutrition Screening Tools among Pakistani Dietitians
A high prevalence of malnutrition in Pakistan requires an urgent need to identify at-risk individuals so that they can be provided with immediate nutrition care, especially in hospital and community settings. Therefore, the use of validated nutrition screening tools (e.g., Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), SGA, Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA)) by dietitians for early identification and intervention of nutritional deficiencies is of utmost importance. Objective: To evaluate the use of nutrition screening tools among Pakistani dietitians. Methods: This cross-sectional study, based on a purposive sampling technique, utilized an online survey form (Google Form) which was launched on different social media platforms, especially WhatsApp groups of Pakistani Dietitians. A total of 87 dietitians participated in the study by filling out this form on a voluntary basis. Data about dietitians’ demographics, workplace practices, and screening tools use were collected and analyzed in SPSS version 23.0 and presented in descriptive form (percentages and frequencies). Results: Hospitals were the primary setting (89.7%) of dietitians’ practices, followed by consulting and community (3.4% both). Mostly dietitians (98.9%) were aware of the Nutrition Screening tools, but only 58.6% currently use the validated nutrition screening tools (e.g., MUST, NRS 2002, MST, MNA, SGA) in their workplace. The most commonly used nutritional assessment tools were SGA (52%), MUST (44%), and MNA (28%). Conclusions: While dietitians recognize malnutrition’s prevalence, the use of validated nutrition screening tools is limited in their work settings. Therefore, standardized training and policy interventions are recommended to enhance tool utilization and address disparities, particularly in underserved regions.
Exploring the Impact of Meal Timing on Metabolic Health: A Narrative Review of Recent Findings
Lifestyle modification is the frontline therapy for preventing and treating dysmetabolic diseases. Meal timing is a favorable dietary regimen for managing metabolic dysregulation. Objectives: To evaluate the impact of meal timing on metabolic output through the latest scientific findings. Methods: For this narrative review, various information retrieval databases were searched, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Mendeley. Multiple combinations of keywords were used to identify relevant literature, such as “mealtime and metabolism,” “circadian cycle,” “intermittent fasting,” “late eaters and metabolic health,” and “appetite hormones and meal timing.” Recent articles published between 2020 and 2025 in scientific journals were prioritized to provide the most up-to-date evidence. Results: Eating habits such as speed of eating, timing of eating meals, and meal frequency have now gained more attention because of their potential effect on metabolic health. Mismatched circadian rhythms are common in shift workers, social gatherings, eating, jet lag, and those who sleep late at night and wake late in the morning. Various observational research studies report that a greater portion of meals are taken in the latter half of the day, which increases the risk of metabolic diseases. The Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial proved that intermittent fasting, time-restricted feeding, and eating small and frequent meals improve insulin sensitivity and reduce weight. Conclusions: Skipping breakfast or eating late at night has adversely affected hormone regulation. Hence, lifestyle modification according to a circadian cycle result in preventing metabolic disorders.
Hop Shoots (Humulus lupulus): Emerging Bioactive Components, Functional Properties, and Opportunities for Food and Bio-Industrial Applications
The common hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is a dioecious perennial climbing plant and is referred to as a member of the Cannabaceae family, and is located in the northern temperate regions. Female plants are grown solely due to the large quantities of constituents they possess, which are primarily bitter principles and essential oils that are not only used in the industry but are also used as medicinal products. It is endowed with bioactive properties, including prenylated flavonoids, bitter and phenolic acids, terpenoids, and vitamins, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, estrogenic, neuroprotective, and hormonal modulation properties. The hop shoots contain the optimal composition of any micronutrient that is not caloric and thus can be added to health-promoting meals. They have a niche potential to produce and market because of their high market value, thus the high economic importance they have in the European market; the agro-climatic conditions of the regions in northern Pakistan create the possibility of the renewal of rural development. This paper intends to provide an overview of its novel bioactive compounds, properties, and food and biotechnological uses. A multidisciplinary approach to the application of the idea of harnessing the full potential of hop shoots will entail the use of both agricultural science, food technology, and pharmacology, as well as implementing it in the market preparation.
Low Calcium Intake of Pre-Adolescent Girls from Customary Diets in A Semi-Rural Setting in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Calcium is a critical nutrient for adolescent bone development and overall health, yet intake often remains below recommended levels in many populations. Objectives: To assess the calcium intake of pre-adolescent girls, their calcium fortified preferences, and perceived barriers to calcium-rich foods to inform targeted nutritional interventions. To assess the calcium intake of adolescent girls, their calcium fortified preferences, and perceived barriers to calcium-rich foods. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted, where 78 school girls aged 9-14 years completed FFQ with a focus on foods rich in calcium. The questionnaire also contained questions inquiring about the perceived barriers which could result in low intake/no intake of calcium-dense foods. Results: A total of 174 calcium-rich foods and products were available in Charsadda city. Mean intake of calcium (275 ± 52) was well below the RDI. Notable gaps in students' awareness of calcium sources and their importance existed. The top 8 Key barriers that potentially hinder the intake of nutritious foods were identified, including cost, low availability in the school environment, low awareness, inappropriate storage facilities at school, food habits, low nutrition education, food stigma, and junk food pressure. The data highlights a clear preference among students for certain calcium-fortified food types over others. Conclusions: Mean calcium intake from foods available to pre-adolescent girls was low, with numerous barriers identified that hinder calcium intake in this age group. Further, pre-adolescent girls preferred a variety of calcium-fortified foods, biscuits and milk on top of the list.
The Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Relation to Tea and Coffee Consumption Among Female University Students
Tea consumption has been linked to iron deficiency anemia in several clinical trials. Lifestyle and dietary habits are important diagnostic considerations in this type of disease, and the consumption of caffeine-containing beverages can play a significant role. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of iron deficiency in relation to tea or coffee consumption among female university students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 150 female students from the University of Lahore, selected via purposive sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire comprising 25 items related to iron deficiency, dietary habits, and tea/coffee consumption patterns. Results: All participants reported regular consumption of tea or coffee. Key findings indicated that 88 (58.7%) participants experienced headaches when not consuming these beverages, 141 (94%) consumed them frequently, and 41 (27.3%) reported a constant desire to consume them. Notably, 49 (32.7%) felt tired without tea/coffee, and only 31 (20.7%) consumed these beverages with a meal. Furthermore, 27 (18%) participants reported feeling anemic, and 97 (64.7%) consumed dietary iron supplements less than 1-2 times daily. Common triggering factors after consumption included anxiety (71.3%), digestive issues (53.3%), and irregular menstrual cycles (98%). Conclusions: The study concludes that regular consumption of tea or coffee, particularly with meals, is a leading factor associated with iron deficiency risk among female university students. A notably low intake of dietary iron supplements further exacerbates the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in this population.
The Rising Trend of Energy Drink Consumption among University Students: A Hidden Health Risk
Energy drinks, highly caffeinated beverages marketed to combat fatigue, are a global public health concern due to their association with adverse effects like insomnia and cardiovascular symptoms, particularly among young adults. Objective: To determine the prevalence, predictors, and self-reported health effects of energy drink consumption among university students in Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 460 students at the University of the Punjab, Lahore. Data on consumption patterns, knowledge, and health effects were collected. First, bivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with frequent energy drink use. Subsequently, multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of frequent energy drink use (≥3 times/week). The AOR from this test quantifies the strength of association between a predictor and the outcome, after controlling for the influence of other variables in the model. Results: The prevalence of current energy drink use was 175 (38.0%), with 22.9% of users classified as frequent consumers. Common consumption triggers were exam preparation (65.1%) and late-night studying (52.0%). Notably, 44.6% of users reported adverse effects, primarily insomnia (29.7%) and anxiety/jitters (18.2%). Knowledge about safe caffeine limits was low (28.5%). Significant predictors of frequent use included male gender (AOR=1.9; 95% CI: 1.1–3.3), residing in a university hostel (AOR=2.4; 95% CI: 1.4–4.2), and part-time employment (AOR=1.7; 95% CI: 1.0–2.9). Conclusions: The findings highlight an urgent need for targeted university-level health promotion interventions to educate students, particularly those in high-risk groups, about the potential dangers of energy drinks and to promote healthier alternatives for managing academic stress.
Factors Affecting Obesity Among Adults Attending the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, Pakistan
Obesity is one of the major problems these days, and it is the root cause of many fatal health conditions, including hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Objective: To find out the factors affecting obesity among Adults aged between 20-60 years attending the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study based on a sample size of 100 participants was conducted. Non-probability convenience sampling was used. Adults of both genders aged 20-60 years attending the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, Pakistan, were selected. SPSS version 21.0 was used to analyze the data. Results: In a sample of 100, 78% of them were found to be obese, and 22% of them were overweight. Female were more inclined to obesity (53%) in comparison to male (47%); married people (57%) were more predisposed to obesity in comparison to those who were single (43%). Obesity was statistically linked with psychological determinants (Stress, emotional eating), fast food consumption, consumption of sugary foods, high levels of cholesterol, and physical inactivity (p<0.05), and junk food preference, cholesterol levels, and daily exercise, as the p-value was <0.05. Conclusions: The study observed obesity as a major issue among the adult population and identified major correlations of obesity with marital status, BMI, physical inactivity, stress, and diet.
Copyright (c) 2024 DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional and Food Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determination of Calcium Content in a Cocktail of Calcium Supplemented Biscuits and Dry Milk
Calcium is a critical mineral crucial to bone formation, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and enzyme function. Low calcium consumption is a chronic public health problem, especially in groups with poor access to dairy foods or calcium-enriched diets. Objectives: To determine the calcium content of a fortified food cocktail containing calcium-fortified biscuits and commercial dry milk powder by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) as the analytical tool. Methods: These selected samples (biscuits, dry milk, individual ingredients of biscuits) were homogenized and processed with wet acid digestion, followed by analysis on atomic absorption spectrophotometry as per the standard protocols. Calcium content of fortified biscuits was also estimated from its ingredients for comparison was also AAS. Results: Dry milk had the maximum calcium content, followed by the calcium fortified biscuits. As expected, calcium non-fortified biscuits had the least calcium content. The composite beverage, made from an equal ratio of calcium fortified milk and calcium fortified biscuits, provided a mean calcium content of 545 ± 19 mg/100g, representing over 50% of the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for children and adults in a single 100 g serving. Calcium contents calculated and measured on AAS were comparable. Conclusion: Food fortification practices are an effective method, and calcium fortified biscuits and dry milk samples analyzed in this study have calcium levels enough to be in targeted clinical trials as calcium-fortified dietary interventions, particularly in nutritionally at-risk groups.
Nutritional and Vitamin D Status of University Students in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study
Data on Vitamin D level and nutritional status of Pakistani university students are limited. Objective: To find dietary habits of the university students with special focus on vitamin D levels. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included a total of 400 students (272/128 male/female) 18-26 years old students from Bacha Khan University Charsadda were included in this descriptive cross-sectional study. Socio-demographic, selected anthropometrics, dietary food intake, blood chemistry (lipid profile and CRP), and vitamin D status were measured. Results: Moderate energy deficiencies, particularly males (73% of RDA), and protein was meeting requirements in females but marginally short in males. Calcium (65% RDA), vitamin A (41% female, 30% male), and vitamin D (20% RDA) intake were significantly low. Iron intake was marginal in females (60%) but over met in males (135%). Low milk/dairy, egg, fish, and fruit/vegetable consumption reflected low micronutrient variety. Regular consumption of fast foods (3.4 times/week) and limited consumption of fish (0.5 servings/week) also indicated a shift toward nutrient-scarce dietary habits. Mean serum 25(OH) D level of 26.1± 12.6 ng/mL with A high number (32% ;95% CI: 13.5–27.3) of respondents were vitamin D deficient; 42% (95% CI: 35.3–52.8) were vitamin D insufficient; and only 26% (95% CI: 20.1 – 32.2) of the participants had normal vitamin D. In addition, high levels of inflammatory and lipid markers were observed. Conclusion: In summary, university students exhibited poor vitamin D status with high levels of CRP and blood lipid profile such that interventions are warranted.
Evaluation of Nutritional Knowledge and Lifestyle Habits of Orphan Children Residing in Different Institutes of Peshawar City
The nutritional status of orphaned children residing in Peshawar orphanages is scantily documented. Objectives: To assess the eating habits, awareness of nutrition, and dietary status of children living in orphanages in the Peshawar area of Pakistan. Methods: The study involved 120 children, ages 5 to 15, and was conducted at three separate orphanages in Peshawar city. Food frequency questionnaires were used to collect data on the orphan children's socioeconomic situation, anthropometric measures (weight and height), eating patterns, physical activity, and food preferences. Additionally, data on biochemical tests used to measure hemoglobin levels (Hb) were gathered. To determine the orphans' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours about dietary guidelines, another Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) questionnaire was used. SPSS-26 was used to analyze the data that were collected. Results: According to the findings, 4%, 9%, and 3% of the children in the study were underweight, overweight, and obese, respectively. Additionally, 12% of the orphans were anemic, and 13% were stunted. Carbohydrates, fruits, vegetables, meat, legumes, dairy products, nuts, and beverages were consumed by the majority of the orphans. However, they also have a great preference for chips, pickles, and fast food. Conclusions: It was concluded that the current findings indicated poor diet habits and the occurrence of malnutrition among various children's orphanages of Peshawar. The present study reveals the link between malnutrition in orphans and the absence of particular care, which indicates the importance of intervention strategies to diminish the risk of malnutrition for this vulnerable group in the district of Peshawar.
A Comprehensive Survey Report On Caffeine Effect On Academic Performance
Caffeine is consumed by students and is very common in different forms worldwide. While it has been researched to increase alertness and focus, it also imparts negative effects, such as disturbing a person’s sleep cycle. Objective: To assess how much people are aware of drinks containing caffeine and also their consumption of it. Methods: This was based on a report of 100 university-going students aged between 17 to 28 years who are the potential subjects to assess how the consumption of caffeine affects academic performance. The data were collected from The University of Lahore students. Results: Caffeine consumption was widespread among university students (71%), mainly through tea. While most saw no impact on academics, 31.6% noted improvements, and 6.5% reported declines. Nearly half experienced sleep issues, and over a third reported side effects like anxiety. Despite high awareness, many noted peer over-reliance, with 40.7% open to healthier alternatives. Conclusion: caffeine use among students reflects a balance between perceived cognitive benefits and potential health risks. Its mixed effects suggest the need for greater awareness and informed decision-making. Social influences and habitual use further highlight the importance of education on healthier alternatives.
Experimental Trial on Ginger Plus Lemon Shots
Acne vulgaris is a widespread skin disease that is affected by several factors, such as inflammation, hormonal status, and dietary factors. Natural products like ginger and lemon, which contain anti-inflammatory and antioxidant phytochemicals, have been potential in controlling symptoms of acne. Objectives: To examine the impact of the ginger plus lemon shot intervention on the severity of acne and associated hematological parameters in young adult women. Methods: This interventional study included 100 female volunteers between 21–24 years of age with mild to moderate acne who were included in a 10-day interventional trial. All volunteers took 100 mL each of fresh ginger and lemon shots once a day. Clinical evaluation by the Global Acne Grading System (GAGS), complete blood count (CBC), and sensory questionnaires were performed before and after the intervention. Dietary consumption and compliance were observed during the study. Results: The intervention significantly decreased acne lesions and redness of the skin, backed by hematological improvement. Reduction in white blood cell (WBC) count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels reflected a reduction in systemic inflammation. Sensory evaluation revealed excellent acceptability with scores higher than 4 on a 5-point hedonic scale for taste, aroma, color, and overall acceptability. Conclusions: Intake of ginger along with lemon shots on a daily basis for 10 days showed favorable results in alleviating acne symptoms and systemic inflammation markers without any side effects.
Plant-Based Diet Adherence and Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factors
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) prevalence is increasing worldwide. Dietary patterns, particularly plant-based diets, have been linked to improved glycemic control and lower T2D risk. Objectives: To analyze the relationship between plant-based dietary patterns and risk factors for T2D using publicly available secondary data. Methods: This cross-sectional secondary data analysis utilized data from the 2019 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Adults aged 20–65 years were categorized into four dietary patterns based on 24-hour dietary recalls: vegan, vegetarian, semi-vegetarian, and omnivore. Risk factors analyzed included body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose, and HbA1c. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 27.0. ANOVA and post-hoc tests assessed differences among groups, while Spearman correlation evaluated associations between plant-based diet adherence and T2D risk factors. The p-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The study included 5,200 adults (52% female; mean age 42.3 ± 12.5 years Mean BMI differed significantly among dietary groups, with vegans showing the lowest (23.1 ± 2.9 kg/m²; 95% CI: 22.9–23.3) and omnivores the highest (27.2 ± 3.7 kg/m²; 95% CI: 27.0–27.4). Fasting glucose and HbA1c were also lowest among vegans and highest in omnivores, indicating better glycemic control with higher adherence to plant-based diets. Higher plant-based diet adherence was associated with lower BMI, fasting glucose, and HbA1c, suggesting reduced metabolic risk. Conclusions: Plant-based diets are associated with reduced T2D risk factors. Public health strategies should promote plant-based eating patterns to mitigate the growing burden of T2D.
Association Between Plant-Based Dietary Intake and Anthropometric Measurements
The benefits of plant-based diets in enhancing health and lowering the risk of chronic illnesses are becoming more widely acknowledged. Objectives: To establish a correlation between a plant-based dietary intake and anthropometric measurements among adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 adults (20–50 years old) from community centers in Lahore. The validated food frequency questionnaire was used to measure dietary intake of foods. Anthropometric Indicators were measured. Groups of participants were organized according to how much or how little they consume plant-based foods. SPSS version 26.0 was used to analyze the data, and independent t-tests were used for comparison. Results: Among 200 participants, 55% consumed legumes three or more times per week, 40% had three or more servings of whole grains daily, 70% consumed at least two servings of vegetables per day, and 65% had three or more servings of fruit daily. Conclusions: Individuals with higher intake of plant-based foods had significantly lower waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index, and lower waist circumference than those with lower intake.
Relationship Between Bone Mass Density and Nutritional Status of Women Diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Charsadda
The prevalence of low bone density among women is common but remains under-documented. Objectives: To assess bone mass density (BMD) levels and their relationship with nutritional status in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) women visiting the NEAT Clinic in Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK). Methods: Using an observational, cross-sectional design, data were collected from 408 women through a structured self-reported questionnaire covering osteoporosis risk factors, sociodemographic information, anthropometrics, general health, BMD, and dietary intake. BMD was measured via Quantitative Ultrasound Scan (QUS) at the calcaneus using the Sahara clinical bone sonometer. Initially, 605 women expressed interest, but data were collected for 450 participants due to drop-out and incomplete questionnaires. Results: The mean T-score was –1.76 ± 0.81 (median: –1.72), ranging from –3.5 to 1.4. Women classified as normal, osteopenic, and osteoporotic had mean T-scores of –0.42 ± 0.43, –1.66 ± 0.34, and –2.66 ± 0.25, respectively. The prevalence of osteopenia was 59.8% and that of osteoporosis was 22.2%, while only 18% had normal BMD. QUS scores showed significant correlations (p<0.05) with age, menopausal duration, BMI, waist-hip ratio (WHR), and education level. Nutritional factors such as energy, protein, calcium, and phosphorus intake were also positively associated with QUS scores. Conclusions: The study reveals a high prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis among women in this population, with bone health strongly linked to both demographic and dietary factors.
Impact of Breakfast Skipping on Functional Capacity and Productivity among Office Workers with Standard Working Hours (9 AM–5 PM)
Abstract Background: Breakfast skipping is a prevalent behavior among working adults, yet its impact on workplace productivity in 9–5 office workers remain underexplored. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of breakfast skipping and its association with productivity, cognitive function, and well-being in this population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 540 full-time office workers. Data were collected via an online questionnaire assessing breakfast habits, self-rated productivity (WHO-HPQ), presenteeism, and energy levels. A subset (n=312) completed an objective psychomotor vigilance task (PVT). Habitual breakfast skipping was defined as skipping breakfast ≥3 workdays/week. Multivariable regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, sleep duration, and caffeine intake. Results: The prevalence of habitual breakfast skipping was 39%. The most common reasons were lack of time (63%) and absence of morning hunger (41%). Habitual skippers reported significantly lower morning productivity (mean score 6.2 vs. 7.4, p<0.001) and higher rates of presenteeism (28% vs. 14%, p=0.002) compared to regular consumers. They were also more likely to experience low energy before lunch (52% vs. 29%, OR=2.45). Objectively, skippers demonstrated slower reaction times on the PVT (median 345 ms vs. 310 ms, p=0.01). These associations remained significant after adjusting for confounders. Conclusion: Breakfast skipping is common among office workers and is significantly associated with reduced productivity, increased fatigue, and poorer cognitive performance. Workplace wellness initiatives should prioritize promoting regular breakfast consumption to enhance employee health and organizational efficiency.
Artificial intelligence and revolutionization in the field of food science
The trend of AI gradually becoming prominent in most disciplines of science and it was not long before it affected biology. It is revolutionizing every aspect of animals concerning health, nutritional status, and productivity in the course of animal agriculture. For instance, the requirements for food and animal products are increasing day by day which is increasing the demand for operational effectiveness. People are using Artificial Intelligence in feeding strategies to improve and also to advance the health of the animals within farms and to increase food production thus bringing visions and innovations for a sustainable agriculture sector. Animal nutrition did not meet individual demands based on some of the standards that were provided. AI presents various solutions since, through the use of big data, it is possible to identify animal responses to various feeding regimens. This makes it possible to come up with diets depending on individual animals which are a healthier way to make the animals more productive. It also helps in tracking other factors such as feed consumption, weight gain, feed-to-gain ratio, and general production proficiency. In such cases feeding adjusting strategies can be ensured in the best way possible to suppress the given condition in the shortest period. An efficient feeding system in our software makes sure that the animals get the right feed at the right time to maximize its/her growth and minimal wastage likely to pollute the environment. This precise feeding practice enhances feed usage by the animals, which is another factor that contributes to the economic feasibility of the animal farming business. One of the major innovations in refined livestock farming is precision farming which focuses on feeding processes whereby feeds are prescribed depending on the needs of particular animals. An automated feeding model was devised that was able to avoid either underfeeding or overfeeding, the nutrient intake, and the time at which the food was going to be fed to the body. AI also improves knowledge of the animal’s gut microbial ecosystem which is a mix of microorganisms that inhabit the animal gut. Animal microbiota plays an important role in participating in digestion and nutrient assimilation processes and the immune system of an animal. AI in turn assists in the determination of microbial population that enhances animal health and performance and synthesizes new microbial consortiums that can be added to animal feed. Amenable animal feeds that unsurpassed the microbiota of healthy human beings may help in digestion, health, and feed conversion. These interventions are well-known ways of increasing the general health and productivity of animals among farmers, and with the help of AI, these interventions can be improved. The application of AI to the genetics of animals also extends it more into nutrition. AI uses feeding regimens from a pet’s DNA to develop unique feeding plans that best suit the genetics of the animal. Not only does this method enhance efficiency but also the health of the animals is enhanced as well. Artificial intelligence is taking up the challenge of feeding, nutrition, and welfare, as well as the excellent performance of animals and making the process more efficient and specific. Artificial Intelligence remains to develop better approaches in the enhancement of animal well-being, mechanisms of farming, and general food production.
Voices Through Images: A Photo-Voice Study on Nutrition among Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Cancer, and Type 2 Diabetes
As a participatory visual approach, photovoice is increasingly becoming a powerful tool that is used to document and reflect lived experience regarding health and nutrition. Objectives: To determine the leadership nutrition-related issues, hindrances, and enablers that affect the eating habits of people with cancer, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and type 2 diabetes in clinical and social settings. Methods: Photovoice was adopted to explore the diet-related issues in cancer, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and diabetes patients, three chronic illnesses where dietary control is a critical part of the remedy. Patients were asked to capture some images of the food environment that they encounter daily, obstacles to obtaining appropriate nutrition, and encounters with nutritional education within the clinical setting. Results: The analysis resulted in four themes: (1) structural constraints, such as cost and limited access to food; (2) poorly written or standardized dietary prescriptions, which were incompatible with clinical management; (3) perceived need to have formal support provided by registered dietitians; and (4) patient coping strategies which exhibited their resilience and adaptation in the context of financial and clinical restrictions. Patients emphasized the inconsistency of nutritional advice provided by non-experts and its contradictory nature. The level of the problems was demonstrated by photo-stories of naked shelves, inappropriate proportions of portions, and self-designed diets. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the role of registered dietitians in multidisciplinary team care should be considered crucial to ensure the maximum patient outcome and the minimization of the risks of disease complications.
Integration of Nutrition into the Mathematics Curriculum of Primary Schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Malnutrition and unsuitable dietary habits remain an issue of high priority among the primary school students in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. Children in this region often lack adequate awareness about healthy eating patterns, and schools rarely integrate nutrition concepts into academic subjects. Objectives: To assess not only the role of nutrition education as a supplement in regular curricula (mathematics) but also their learning outcomes (mathematical and nutrition-related knowledge). Methods: A quasi-experimental design was implemented with a total of 240 participants (grades 3–5, ages 8–11 years) in eight primary schools (four interventions, four controls). The intervention group was exposed to mathematics with built-in nutrition material for 12 weeks, whereas the control group pursued the normal curriculum. Validated scales of mathematics achievement and nutrition knowledge were used in conducting pre- and post-tests. The data were analyzed with paired and independent t-tests. Results: The data did not show any differences between groups in terms of baseline. Nevertheless, after the intervention, analysis showed that both mathematics performance (mean change: 14.2 ± 5.1 in intervention vs. 5.1 ± 4.9 in control, p<0.001) and nutrition knowledge (mean change: 12.6 ± 4.3 in intervention vs. 2.3 ± 3.8 in control, p<0.001) had improved significantly. Conclusions: The inclusion of nutrition concepts into the mathematics curriculum was also a significant contributor to improvement in mathematics and nutrition awareness following the implementation of the concept in KP primary school students.
Investigating Sustainable Food Habits by Using Novel Carbon-Footprint Method – A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Environmental sustainability and nutrition are two emerging issues in public health that have become interdependent. The eating trends not only dictate the health outcomes of individuals but also the sources of greenhouse gases in the world. Objectives: To establish the relationship between food patterns and the carbon footprint of university students in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study. Food intake data were measured using a semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) in 400 participants, and carbon emissions were estimated using the values of the life-cycle assessment (LCA). Results: Carbon footprints of meat-intensive diets were significantly higher compared to those of vegetarian diets. The Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) for meat-heavy was 72.6 ± 6.0 and for plant-forward diets was 72.6 ± 5.0, respectively. The emission of meat-based diets (5.2 ± 0.1 kg CO2-equivalent per day) was much higher than that of plant-based diets (2.9 ± 0.8 kg CO2-equivalent per day; p=0.001). Red meat generated 52% of all emissions in meat-based diets compared to the 0:14% in plant-based ones, with cereals and milk being moderate contributors and vegetables and legumes being minor contributors. Regression analysis revealed that higher emissions were predicted by the consumption of red meat (β = 0.44) and residing in urban areas (β = 0.54). Conclusions: The results suggest that simple changes to the diet, which decrease red meat consumption and increase the consumption of plant foods, can reduce carbon emissions but not decrease the nutritional sufficiency.